ʻO nā maʻi a me nā pest of fungi: wehewehe a me nā ʻano o ka mālama

E like me nā ʻelele a pau o ke Aupuni o nā holoholona hihiu, ʻaʻole pale ʻia nā halo mai ka hōʻino ʻia e nā maʻi a me nā pest insect. Ma waena o nā maʻi fungal maʻamau e hoʻopilikia i ka mycelium i ka wā o ka mahiʻai ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā pala. ʻO nā pōʻino weliweli loa o nā haʻani he nalo, ticks, namu, nematodes a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka ulu ʻana i nā halo he hana hoihoi a mālama maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka ʻohi nui ʻana ma muli o nā kumu he nui. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole loaʻa ka mea hana i ka ʻohi nui. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia e nā mea abiotic a me biotic. ʻO ka mea mua e like me ka haʻahaʻa pili, ka mahana, ka pae o ka wai ma ka compost a me ka lepo. ʻO nā kumu biotic nā maʻi a me nā mea ʻeha o nā haʻani. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā maʻi i kēlā me kēia pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā haʻiki i ka hopena o nā kumu maikaʻi ʻole. No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka mycelium, hiki i ka compost me nā hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole ke kumu i kahi maʻi. Hiki i nā kumu biotic ke pilikia nui i ka wā e ulu ana i nā halo, no ka mea, ua like nā maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai i ko lākou mau hōʻailona. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, no ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi, pono e hoʻopau i kona kumu, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo ma muli o ka like o nā hōʻailona.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā inoa a me nā wehewehe o nā maʻi fungal, a me nā ala e hana ai iā lākou ma kēia ʻatikala.

Nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi fungi

ʻO nā hōʻailona biotic maʻamau o nā maʻi fungal ʻo ia nā haʻuki parasitic a me nā antagonists, nā maʻi virus, bacteria a me nā pests (nematodes, mites, nalo). No ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka maʻi, ponoʻoe i nā mea hana maʻalahi ma keʻano o ka binocular, ke aniani hoʻonui, a me nā mea'ē aʻe.

ʻO nā haʻiki parasitic, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i nā halo ulu. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā fungi Parasitic e kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi o lākou ʻo ka ʻōnaehana spore-bearing. ʻAʻole pili ka hapa nui o kēia mau fungi i ka mycelium, akā i nā kino hua. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka puka ʻana o nā parasite, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o nā halo. Hiki iā lākou ke kāohi wale i ko lākou ulu ʻana a i ʻole e luku loa iā lākou.

Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia ka hopena o nā haʻani antagonist i nā haʻi i kanu ʻia. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma muli o ka hoʻomākaukau pono ʻole ʻia o ka compost. Ke ulu a ulu nei kekahi mau ʻano o ia ʻano halo me ka mycelium o nā halo i mahi ʻia, e lawe ana i kā lākou mau meaʻai. Hōʻike ʻia nā antagonists ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mycelium a loaʻa kahi hopena kaumaha i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka mycelium, e kali ana i kona ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana. I kēlā me kēia hihia, hoʻemi lākou i ka hua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā haʻuki antagonist ma ka compost a i ʻole ma ka ʻili o ka lepo e ka mycelium a i ʻole spores. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia lākou he mold plaster, mold lipstick, mold olive.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana i ka hana ʻana me nā halo no nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. A i ʻole, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā spores mai ka lepo i ka substrate.

Hiki ke ulu pū nā halo weed me nā mea i mahi ʻia. No ka laʻana, loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka inika i loko o nā halo. Hoʻoulu ia i ka wā i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka substrate a loaʻa ka ammonia manuahi i loko.

Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili wale ʻia nā halo inika i kēlā me kēia lā a luku ʻia i ʻole lākou e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻeke. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, pau ka ʻike ʻana. Akā, ke emi nei ka hua o nā halo i hoʻoulu ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā halo inika i kekahi o kā lākou mau meaʻai.

ʻO ka ʻōpala lepo hina kahi haʻo ʻoyster hoʻokūkū. Hoʻopau ia i kā lākou mau meaʻai, no laila e hōʻemi ana i nā hua. Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka mahiko a luku ʻia. I mea e pale ai i kona hanana ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hānai i nā mea kanu kokoke i nā moena me nā halo oyster.

Pāʻani pālua ka bacteria i ka mahi ʻana i nā halo. Pono wale kekahi mau ʻano bacteria no ka hoʻomohala kūleʻa o ka mycelium, no ka substrate; ʻo nā mea'ē aʻe, ma keʻano'ē aʻe, ke kumu o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi kaulana a koʻikoʻi o nā haʻi i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka bacillus. Aia ka bacteria i ka mycelium a ʻaʻole pili i kona ulu ʻana. Akā hoʻopaneʻe lākou i ka ulu ʻana o nā kino hua, ke kumu o ko lākou deformity.

Nā maʻi i ka mahi ʻana i nā halo

Pāpala ʻulaʻula hana ʻia e ka ʻōpala ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka pinepine, pili ia i nā champignons. Hana ʻia ma ke alo o ka ammonia manuahi i loko o kahi substrate maka a i ʻole ka pala. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kumu o kona ʻano hiki ke hoʻonui i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea a me ka substrate a me ka lawa ʻole o ka ea. ʻAi ka mea kumu i nā meaʻai like me nā halo, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ʻo ia ʻo ka fungus hoa. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiko keʻokeʻo o nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka papa o ka mea uhi a i ʻole ma ka ʻili o ka substrate. Inā ʻoki ʻia ka mycelium me nā manamana lima, a laila ʻike ʻia kahi ʻala ʻono. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, hoʻomaka nā kiko e pouli mai ka waena. No laila hoʻomaka ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. He ʻeleʻele-kofe ke kala. Nalo mālie nā kiko keʻokeʻo, a ʻike ʻole ʻia nā spores.

No ka pale ʻana i kēia maʻi, pono ia e hoʻopili pono i ka compost a me ka pasteurize i ka substrate. Pono e hoʻokuʻu mau ʻia ka lumi, a pono e pollinated ka substrate me ka gypsum.

ka maʻi truffle ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o ka champignon apo ʻelua a ua kumu ʻia e Diehliomyces microsporias (Diehl a me Lamb.) Gil. Noho ka truffle wahaheʻe i ka lepo. Komo ia i loko o ka substrate i ka wā e hoʻopuʻu ai i ka lepo. Hoʻomaka ia e ulu wikiwiki i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe o ka substrate. ʻAʻole ʻike mua ʻia ka mycelium o ka truffle wahaheʻe. Kāohi ia i ka mycelium mushroom, ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hua. Me ka liʻiliʻi, make loa ka mycelium o ka haʻupuʻu i kanu ʻia a lilo ka substrate i viscous, ua hiki ke ʻike i nā filament mānoanoa o ka mycelium - rhizomorphs. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, hoʻokumu ʻia nā kino fungal liʻiliʻi ma luna o lākou, e like me ka lolo o ke keiki bipi. ʻO kēia nā kino hua o ka haʻiki. He keʻokeʻo melemele. A laila ʻeleʻele lākou a nalowale, ʻoiai lākou e wāwahi i loko o nā spores e hoʻopili i kahi substrate hou. Hiki loa ke ola. Hiki iā lākou ke pale i ka mālama wela o ka substrate.

No ka pale ʻana i kēia ʻano maʻi fungal, mai compost ma ka papahele lepo. I loko o nā puʻu, pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana. Pono e hui pū ʻia nā ʻāpana compost. Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, pono e pīpī ʻia nā kola me kahi hopena 1% o ka keleawe keleawe. Pono e mālama ʻia ka uhi uhi me ka wela. Pono e ʻeke mau ʻia ka substrate i hoʻohaumia ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻia ʻana i loko o kahi pae ʻāina. E kōkua kēia i ka pale ʻana i nā spores mai ia mea i nā mea a puni.

ʻIke bacteria ʻike ʻia e like me nā wahi ʻeleʻele ma ka mycelium. ʻO ke kumu o kēia maʻi he bacterioses e ulu ana i kahi substrate wai. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia inā ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela o ka substrate, a inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ke ʻano wela i ka wā o ka incubation o ka substrate. No ka pale ʻana i kēia maʻi o ka mycelium fungal, pono e mālama pono ʻia nā lula āpau i nā hana āpau a pono e mālama ʻia ka microclimate pono.

Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka substrate i kekahi manawa e ka trichoderma. ʻO ka hopena o ka maʻi he mau mokupuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna ona, e hōʻemi ana i nā hua. Pono e luku koke ʻia ka substrate i hoʻopili ʻia. No ka pale ʻana i kēia maʻi, pono ia e kau i ka substrate i ka mālama wela wela. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka substrate koho ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi i ka maʻi me kēia maʻi.

I kekahi manawa, ulu nā halo me kahi pāpale liʻiliʻi ma kahi ʻōpala lōʻihi lahilahi. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia hopena, pono e hoʻohui hou i ka lumi. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka peʻahi maʻamau a i ʻole e hana i kahi mea puhi me nā nozzles mai loko mai o kahi ʻeke plastik.

No ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria, pono ia e pīpī i nā lumi āpau 2-2% bleach solution 4 mau manawa i ka makahiki. A laila pono lākou e pani ʻia no 2 mau lā. A laila e ventilate maikaʻi no 2 mau lā. ʻElua ʻelua o ka makahiki, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā paia āpau me kahi hopena bleach 1%. Pono e wehe pono ʻia nā koena a pau o ka substrate.

ʻulaʻula ʻike ʻia e like me nā kiko ʻōpala i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia. Pōʻeleʻele lākou i ka wā. ʻIke ʻia nā hua bacteria o kēia maʻi fungal i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kēia maʻi ke uhi koke i ka mahiko a pau i ka manawa hoʻokahi. No ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kekahi disinfectant i loaʻa ka chlorine i ka wai no ka irrigation.

Loaʻa nā huakō a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana like me nā maʻi virus. Hele mai lākou ma nā ʻano nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hopena kikoʻī o nā maʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā haʻiki i kanu ʻia. ʻO ka mea wale nō e hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻo nā maʻi āpau a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana a i ʻole ka nalowale o ka hua, i nā anomalies like ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o nā kino hua e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka haʻiki (i ka wehe mua ʻana o pāpale, nā wāwae lōʻihi loa).

Popopo keʻokeʻo - kekahi o nā maʻi maʻamau o nā halo i kanu ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i ka mahiko holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kumu kumu o kēia maʻi fungal aia i ka lepo casing. Pono e disinfected i mea e pale ai i ka ma'i. Pono e wehe ʻia a puhi ʻia nā halo i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Pono e hoʻohāinu ʻia nā ʻōpala me kahi hopena chlorine disinfectant.

Popopo maloʻo hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā fungi i kanu ʻia. Aia kona pathogen i ka uhi lepo. Hoʻopilikia ia i nā halo i hoʻoulu ʻia - ʻike ʻia nā wahi ʻeleʻele ma luna o lākou. ʻO nā wāwae o nā halo i hoʻopilikia ʻia e mānoanoa, i loko o nā halo kahiko ua haki lākou. Pono e hoʻoneʻe koke ʻia a luku ʻia kēlā mau haʻuki. No ka paleʻana i kēia maʻi, pono e disinfect ka lepo uhi.

Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona nui o nā maʻi fungal i kēia mau kiʻi:

Nā mea ʻino o nā halo i hoʻoulu ʻia

ʻO nā pests o nā halo i hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo ia nā nalo mushroom, mites, namu, nematodes, nā ʻiole e like me ka ʻiole.

lele ʻaʻahu Hoʻopilikia pinepine i nā haʻiki i hoʻoulu ʻia a hoʻopōʻino i ka mycelium a me nā kino huaʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi, pili i nā maʻi bacterial. Hele mai ka nalo me lakou iho, hoihoi lakou i ke ala o na halo. Hiki iā lākou ke lawe pū me ka substrate. Hoʻopili ka hapa nui o nā nalo i nā haʻuki i ka wā mahana, ke piʻi ka ea ma luna o 17 ° C.

Hoʻoulu nui ʻia ka nalo mushroom i ka wā o ka ulu a me ka oʻo ʻana o ka mycelium. I kēia manawa, aia ka substrate i loko o ka lumi. Mālama ʻia ia no nā pule he 5-6, a hoʻomohala nā larvae i mau nalo lele makua i loko o 24-38 mau lā ma kahi ea wela o 20-30 °C. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia manawa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pests me kāna mau hōʻailona hōʻoluʻolu, e like me ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa.

ʻO nā hōʻailona mua o ka ʻike ʻana o nā larvae o kēia mau ʻōpala fungal he mau wahi ʻeleʻele kokoke i ka perforation o ka poloka fungal.

Piʻi ka pilikia inā mālama ʻia nā mea o nā makahiki like ʻole i loko o ka lumi (nā nalo a me nā makika i loko o ka poloka kahiko e hoʻopili i nā mea hou). Komo nā pests ma nā lua o ka polyethylene a waiho i kā lākou mau hua. ʻO nā larvae e puka mai ana mai loko mai o lākou e hoʻopōʻino i ka mycelium, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua maʻi ʻia e nā haʻi poʻo a me nā bacteria.

ʻO nā hana nui e pale aku ai i ka lele ʻana he pale. Pono e lawe ʻia ma mua o ka kanu ʻana i ka mycelium i loko o ka substrate. Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā kumu o ka maʻi ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i ka substrate a i ka wā o ka mālama hou ʻana i nā halo. Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia ka lumi a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. Inā loaʻa i ka ea i ka manawa like ka nui o nā mahu a me nā kinoea ʻino, a laila pono e hoʻohana i ka mask gas i ka wā e hana ai.

Inā nui loa ka hana ʻana o nā halo, a laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau kūikawā e kūʻē i nā pepeke makua. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana, pono e puhi ʻia ka lumi holoʻokoʻa me nā mea hoʻomākaukau ʻo Monofos a i ʻole Pogos (1000 g no 800 m). Ma hope o kēlā, pono e pani ʻia ka lumi no kekahi mau hola. A laila e ventilate maikaʻi a hana hou i ka hana ma hope o kekahi mau lā. He mau lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ikaika kēia, no laila pono ʻoe e hana pū me lākou me ke akahele loa. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā pahele māmā, nā lipine paʻa, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lima lima e hakakā i nā nalo. Hoʻopau ʻia lākou e kekahi mau ʻala, e like me ka vanilla.

No ke kumu like, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lumi no ka incubation a me ka mahiʻai ʻana i kahi kaʻawale mai kekahi i kekahi.

Eia kekahi, hiki i nā nalo hale maʻamau ke kau i kā lākou larvae ma luna o ka substrate.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā slugs ma ka substrate. Hoʻopilikia lākou i nā kino hua o nā halo. No ka hakakā ʻana i nā slugs, hoʻohana ʻia ka paʻakai potassium a i ʻole superphosphate, i kāpīpī ʻia ma ka lepo 3-4 mau manawa i ka makahiki.

mushroom mosquito ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea ʻino loa no nā champignons a me nā halo ʻoyster. He pepeke liʻiliʻi loa kēia he 3 mm wale nō ka lōʻihi. Lele wikiwiki a maikaʻi nā makika, e neʻe pololei ana i ke keʻena kahi e honi ai i ka ʻono o ka compost a me ka mycelium. Hiki i kēlā me kēia wahine ke waiho i 200 mau hua. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, ʻike ʻia nā larva mai iā lākou, e like me nā ilo keʻokeʻo me ke poʻo ʻeleʻele. He 4-6 mm ka lōʻihi a hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Noho lākou he 12-20 mau lā. I loko o kēia manawa, hoʻokele nā ​​larvae e luku i ka hua āpau. ʻAi lākou i nā halo a me ka mycelium. Ke emi nei ka maikaʻi o nā huahana. Eia kekahi, lawe nā makika i nā ticks, spores o nā microorganism pathogenic, nematodes.

Huli mālie nā ʻōpala i pupae, a laila ma hope o 4-7 mau lā - i nā pākeke.

Hoʻomaka koke kēia mau ʻōpala a loaʻa ka fecundity kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopiha koke lākou i ka mycelium holoʻokoʻa. No laila, paʻakikī loa ka hana ʻana me lākou. He mea nui ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, e pale i ka waiho mua ʻana o nā hua pest i ka substrate. No ke aha e pono ai e hoʻokomo i nā ʻupena mesh maikaʻi ma nā puka makani. I loko o ka lumi pono'ī, pono e hana i ke kaumaha nui. Pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā māwae a pau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā puka; hiki nō hoʻi iā ʻoe ke kau i nā pahele paʻa, hoʻohana i nā lipine paʻa maʻamau i nā nalo. Eia kekahi, no kēia kumu, hoʻohana kekahi mau māla i nā pahele māmā, a pono e mālama pono.

Inā ʻaʻole hana nā mea a pau i luna, a laila pono e hoʻopili i nā ʻano mea hoʻomalu.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā lumi ma waena o nā pōʻai hana a mālama paha i nā ʻili o ka substrate a uhi i nā mea i ka wā e hoʻomaka ana ka mycelium e ulu. Akā pono e hana ʻia kēia ma mua o 25 mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻohi.

Inā hōʻino ʻia nā huaʻōlelo a me nā doses o nā insecticides, a laila hiki i kēia ke kumu i ke ʻano o nā kino hua ʻino, hoʻopaneʻe i ka ulu ʻana o nā haʻiki, a alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ke koena o nā pesticides i loko o nā halo. No laila, ʻo ke kānāwai koʻikoʻi o nā mea ʻohi ʻohi ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i nā pesticides i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hua.

Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea hana a me nā kāmaʻa me kahi solution 50% formalin. A laila pono e holoi ʻia me ka wai.

Pono e hoʻohana pono ʻia ka wai hana: ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 0,2 l / m no ka compost, a no ka mea uhi i kahi liʻiliʻi - 1 l / m. ʻO kekahi o nā makika anti-fungal maikaʻi loa he hoʻomākaukau microbiological e pili ana iā Bacillus Thuringiensis. Akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou hana hana - ma kahi o 25-30 g / m, akā naʻe, palekana kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau folk e kūʻē i nā makika mushroom. Pono e uhiʻia nā moena me nā'ōmato kiʻekiʻe, kāpīpīʻia me kaʻaila dill.

Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka pono a me ka maʻemaʻe i loko a me nā puni o ka lumi ʻohu ma ke ʻano he mea pale. Pono ʻoe e wehe mau i nā kino hua ilo mai ka mycelium.

Papa "Nā lāʻau i ʻae ʻia e kūʻē i nā makika fungal ma nā moʻomeheu mushroom":

pupuhi He mau pests no nā halo inā ulu lākou ma kahi ʻōpala mauʻu. I ka nui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mites ma mua o nā makika - ma kahi o 1 mm. ʻO ko lākou kino he oval, pālahalaha, melemele, keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha. He 4 mau wāwae o ka po'e mākua, a he 3 mau wāwae o ka larvae. Hāʻawi ka wahine i 400 mau hua. Hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki a kolo ma lalo o nā lole, e hoʻoulu ai i kahi ʻeha maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻopōʻino nā larvae tick i ka mycelium, hana nā pākeke i nā neʻe i nā kino hua.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōpala i loko o ka mycelium me ka mauʻu. Hoʻomohala wikiwiki lākou i ka substrate underpasteurized a maikaʻi ʻole fermented. No ka hoʻopau ʻana iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hoʻololi i ka mauʻu.

ʻO kekahi ʻano mites e komo i ka substrate me ka manure. Hoʻomoe ka wahine ma kahi o 40 mau hua i loko o ka substrate a i ʻole uhi honua. Hoʻomaka ka tick i kekahi mau lā a i hoʻokahi mahina. I loko o nā halo i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā mites, ʻeleʻele ke kumu o ke kumu, lilo ka pāpale i ʻulaʻula.

No ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi o ka substrate me nā mites, pono e mālama ʻia ma kahi mahana o 59 ° C no kahi o 12 mau hola. Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia ka lepo uhi no nā hola 8 ma kahi mahana o 60 ° C. Ma waena o nā moena o nā halo, e pīpī me nā hoʻomākaukau kūpono.

Nematodes ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻino o nā halo i kanu ʻia. He mau ilo liʻiliʻi lākou 0,5 mm ka lōʻihi. Ua like ko lakou waha me ka pahi. Ma luna o laila lākou e kui ai i nā kaula o ka mycelium. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou me ka maka. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ka substrate champignon. Aia nā ʻano nematodes ʻokoʻa: ʻo kekahi e omo i nā meaʻai a pau mai nā cell mycelial, e hōʻemi ana i ka hua o nā halo; ʻO nā huahana ʻē aʻe o kā lākou hana koʻikoʻi e alkalize i ka substrate, a laila e hōʻemi ana i kona maikaʻi. ʻO nā nematodes ka mea weliweli loa e ʻai i ka mycelium.

Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā nematodes. ʻO ka substrate ma ia wahi e lilo i pouli, pulu; Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻala kikoʻī. ʻAʻole ulu ka mycelium ma kēia wahi. ʻO ia mau wahi ʻāina ka hōʻailona mua o ka nematode infestation. Inā nui lākou, a laila neʻe koke lākou i ke kahua hoʻoulu. I kēia pae, hoʻokumu ʻia nā kolamu kala keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka mea uhi. Hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i ka 0,5 cm kiʻekiʻe a hōʻike i nā ʻumi a me nā haneli haneli o nā kānaka. He maʻalahi loa ka ʻohi ʻana i nā nematodes mai ka substrate a neʻe i kahi ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, hana ʻia kēia e nā limahana lawelawe a me nā inike.

I mea e pale aku ai i kēia, he mea nui ka mālama ʻana i nā lula hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono i ka wā o ka ʻohi. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a ma mua o ka wehe ʻana i ka substrate, pono e puhi ʻia ka lumi.

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā nematodes i ka wā o ka fermentation o ka puʻu compost. ʻO nā ʻano nematode ka hopena i kū i nā kūlana kaiapuni he nui, a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydrogen sulfide a me ka amonia. Makaʻu wale lākou i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. No laila, pono e hoʻopau maikaʻi ʻia ka substrate no nā kumu pale.

ʻO Woodlice, hoʻopōʻino hoʻi nā pūnāwai i nā haʻiki i kanu ʻia. Hoʻouka lākou i ka mycelium. Noho kēia mau invertebrates i loko o ka lepo a komo i ka substrate i ka wā e pili ai me ka lepo. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomākaukau i ka substrate ma ka honua a hoʻonohonoho i nā moena ma ka papahele honua.

lele lepo ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻino o nā halo i kanu ʻia. Hāʻawi kāna wahine i 30 mau hua i ka manure. ʻO nā ʻōpala e puka mai ana mai loko mai o lākou e pau i ka mahiko me ka manure. He mau millimeter ka lōʻihi, me nā poʻo ʻeleʻele. ʻAi nui nā ʻōpala, ʻai lākou i nā kino hua, ʻai i nā ʻāpana i loko o lākou. ʻO ka wikiwiki loa, hānau ʻia nā pākeke mai nā larvae, e hoʻolaha ana i nā maʻi like ʻole o nā haʻiki, a me nā ticks a me nā nematodes. ʻO nā ʻano nalo ʻē aʻe kekahi mea ʻino i nā haʻiki. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia pest me ke kōkua o nā kemika kūpono.

Kāohi ʻana i nā maʻi fungus

Loaʻa nā mea ola a pau i ka maʻi i kekahi manawa, ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa. Ua ʻike ʻia he maʻalahi ka pale ʻana i kekahi maʻi ma mua o ka mālama ʻana. A ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā halo. Loaʻa nā halo āpau i nā maʻi maʻi, nā haʻiki parasitic, nā iniseti ʻino.

ʻO nā mea hope e lawe pinepine i nā maʻi like ʻole. Hoʻopili nā mea a pau i ka mycelium, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ma mua o ka mālama ʻana; ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi manawa.

He paʻakikī loa ka mālama ʻana i ka pest i ka ulu ʻana o nā halo, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pests aia i loko o ka substrate a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia.

ʻO ke kānāwai nui e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke pale i nā maʻi he nui ka mālama ʻana i nā hana palekana maʻemaʻe i ka mycelium. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻo Parasites i ka indulgence a ʻaʻole kala i nā hewa i ka pasteurization, nā ʻenehana composting, nā hewa o nā limahana o nā lula maʻemaʻe a me nā kūlana mālama microclimate. Hoʻokomo ka nui o nā mahiʻai i kahi ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa no ka uhai ʻana i nā lula maʻemaʻe. Hoʻololi pinepine kēia i ka maikaʻi loa.

ʻO nā kumu maʻamau a me nā kumu o nā maʻi a me nā pests ʻo ia ka ea unfiltered, poorly pasteurized compost, poorly sterilized soil mixture, infected planting mycelium, dishonest sterilization o nā mea hana, ka uhai ʻana i nā lula sanitary i ka mycelium.

ʻO kēlā me kēia maʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mycelium e laha koke i nā ʻano like ʻole. Ke komo nei nā maʻi maʻi viral ma o nā spores o nā haʻiki, me ke kōkua o nā iniseti a me nā mites. Hoʻololi ʻia nā pathogen fungal mai nā lima o nā limahana i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana, mai nā insects. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka maʻi bacteria i loko o ka mycelium me nā kulu wai i ka wā o ka hoʻoinu ʻana, me nā ʻōpala makua. ʻO nā mea ʻino a pau ke kolo a hoʻopuehu, peʻe i loko o nā māwae liʻiliʻi a pau o ka lāʻau. ʻO ka lawe ʻana iā lākou mai laila ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Jacques Delmas, he loea Farani, i nā kauoha he 10, ʻo ka mālama ʻana e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke pale aku i nā pilikia āpau a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻokūkū a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ola parasitic ma nā haʻi. Eia na kauoha.

Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea a pau e pili ana i nā halo - ʻo ia nā lumi, nā mea hana, nā lako, nā pahu, nā hīnaʻi no nā halo, etc.

No ka ulu ʻana i nā halo, pono e koho ʻia nā keʻena kaʻawale i hiki ʻole i nā mea ola ʻē ke komo i loko. Pono e pale ʻia nā ala a pau o ke komo ʻana o nā maʻi a me nā mea ʻeha.

Pono e ho'oma'ema'e 'ia ka lepo uhi no ka ulu 'ana i nā halo. Hiki i nā ʻano microorganism ke ola i loko. ʻO Sterilized kahi hui i mālama ʻia me ka mahu a i ʻole formalin. ʻEli ʻia ka lepo sterile mai lalo mai.

Pono e wehe koke ʻia nā ʻōpala āpau.

ʻAʻole pono e waiho ʻia nā kumu o ka hoʻohaumia olaola, e like me ka ʻōpala compost, manure, nā halo i ʻohi ʻia, a me nā ʻōpala hana, ma kahi kokoke i ka mycelium. Pono nō hoʻi e makaʻala i ka haumia kemika. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻike iā ia iho ma ke ʻano o nā uahi ʻawaʻawa a me nā mahu i puʻunaue ʻia ma o ka ʻōnaehana ea.

Pono e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia ka lumi i loaʻa ai ka maʻi mai ke koena a hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia.

Pono e hahai pono i ka ʻenehana hoʻopulapula. Pono e hana ʻia ka compost ma luna o ka papahele sika. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka honua he nui nā microorganisms like ʻole, pathogens.

Pono e hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka compost ma kekahi mau mahana, ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea a me ka ea. Ma kēia hihia wale nō, e koho ʻia ka substrate no ka haʻiki, ʻo ia hoʻi, kūpono ia i nā haʻiki, ʻaʻole no nā microorganism hoʻokūkū.

I nā pae āpau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka haʻiki, pono e nānā mau ʻia nā kūlana maikaʻi loa o ka microclimate.

Pono e hana ʻia nā hana a pau i loko o ka mycelium ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana mai kēlā mau hale kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka ulu ʻana o nā halo, i nā mea i ʻohi ʻia ai, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai nā mea kanu ʻōpio a i nā mea kahiko. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke neʻe i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻomaka mau ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau kauoha me ka disinfection o ka hale. Pono e hana ʻia i loko o nā myceliums hou, ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka compost. Inā he hale pahū kēia, kaʻu hana a i ʻole keʻena ʻē aʻe me nā pā pōhaku, a laila pono e holoi pono ʻia ko lākou ʻili a me ke kaupaku. Inā he lepo ka papahele, a laila pono e wehe ʻia ka papa luna. Pono ke kaupaku pōhaku a me nā paia. I kēia hihia, pono e hoʻohui i kahi hopena 30% o ka copper sulphate i ka lime. Whitening pono mau. ʻO kēia ke kī no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a kokoke i ka ea. I nā lumi ʻē aʻe, pono e mālama ʻia nā paia a me nā kaupaku me nā mea pale kemika. E kūkākūkā ʻia lākou ma lalo nei.

No ka pale ʻana i ka microbiological o ka substrate mai nā ʻano bacteria a me nā maʻi, pono ia e hoʻolaha i ka bacteria thermophilic i loko.

ʻO ka mea nui loa i ka mycelium ka disinfection o ka hale ma ka hopena o ka mahiʻai a me ka neutralization o ka substrate i hoʻohana ʻia. E hoʻohana pono nā mea ʻē aʻe inā e hoʻokō pono ʻia nā kūlana mua ʻelua. Hoʻoulu hou nā pathogens a me nā pests i loko o kekahi manawa. Pono lākou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a laila hoʻomaka lākou e kāohi i ka mycelium o ka haʻiki i kanu ʻia. Ua maopopo i ka wikiwiki o lākou i loko o ka mycelium, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino. Ma kēia pili, he hana koʻikoʻi ka substrate i hoʻohana ʻia, no ka mea aia i loko o ia mea e mālama ʻia ai nā spores, larvae o nā pathogens a me nā mea ʻeha. Inā hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka substrate kahiko ma luna o kahi kaʻa a huila paha, a laila hāʻule paha kona mau koena, ʻo nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa, ma ke ala. Inā hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka substrate i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mycelium a i ʻole lawe ʻia ma ka lawe like ʻana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka substrate hou, a laila ma ia mau hihia ʻaʻole e hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi.

Hiki ke wehe ʻia ka substrate i hoʻopau ʻia ma nā ala ʻelua. I ka manawa mua, lawe ʻia a disinfected. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana i kahi mamao loa a kūʻai aku paha i nā mea nona nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ma mua o kēia, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka substrate me ka wai a i ʻole 4% formalin solution, he 1% solution o ke keleawe sulfate a i ʻole phenol chlorinated. ʻOi aku ka palekana ma mua o ka substrate maloʻo. Ma ke ʻano ʻelua, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka substrate ma ka pūnaewele a i ʻole mālama ʻia me ka thermally. I kēlā me kēia hihia, pono e mālama ʻia ke keʻena me ka thermally. ʻElua ala e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai: ma ka mahu a me ke kemika. I ka wā e mahu ai, mālama ʻia ka lumi no 12 mau hola ma kahi mahana o 70-100 °C. Ma ke kihi mamao loa mai ke kumu mahu, pono e kau i kahi ana wela uila ma lalo o ka compost a nānā i kona heluhelu ʻana. E hoʻolako i ka mahu wai i ke keʻena. Ke piʻi ka mahana i 70 °C, e hoʻomaka i ka manawa. Pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea ʻohi haʻihaʻi, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao insulation thermal ponoʻī e waiho ʻia i ʻole e hāʻule ka mahu ma luna. Inā ʻaʻole paʻa nā paia o loko, pono e uhi ʻia me ka ʻili plastik. E kōkua kēia ana i ka luku ʻana i nā pathogens. Pono ka ʻōnaehana kākoʻo o nā hale e kū i nā loli wela a pau. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hale i mākaukau ʻole no kēia. Inā hānai ʻoe i nā halo i ka nui, a laila ʻo ka sterilization ke ala maikaʻi loa. ʻO kēia ʻano ka mea palekana loa.

I loko o nā myceliums liʻiliʻi ma ke kumu o nā hale i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mālama wela kemika. ʻO ke ala maʻalahi e like me kēia: pono e hui pū ʻia ka pauka sulfur me ka ammonium a i ʻole potassium nitrate ma kahi ratio o 1: 3, kau ʻia ma nā pā hao a kau ʻia i ke ahi. E pani paʻa i ka lumi. E lilo ia i sulfur dioxide, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka lumi. ʻAʻole pono ka nui o ka sulfur dioxide i kēia hihia ma mua o 40 mg / m. A i ʻole, e paʻakikī loa ka lumi i ka ventilate. A laila pono ʻoe e hoʻolele iā ia no ka liʻiliʻi o 10 mau lā.

ʻO ke ala kūpono loa ʻo ka fumigate i ka lumi me ka methylene bromide. Hana ʻia ka sterilization kiʻekiʻe ma kahi mahana o 20-25 ° C ma kahi ʻano o 600 g i kēlā me kēia hola / m, me he mea lā ua mālama ʻia ka lumi me 1% methyl bromide no 17 mau hola. Akā i loko o 16 mau hola, hoʻemi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka kemika (fumigant) i 2 mau manawa, no laila e hoʻomākaukau mau ka poʻe loea ʻike i kahi pālua pālua ma mua. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka methylene bromide me ka 2% chloropyrkine, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻono ka mea mua a ʻike koke ke kinoea waimaka i nā leaka.

Hoʻohana mau nā hale lāʻau ma ke ʻano he puʻuhonua maikaʻi no nā ʻupena like ʻole a me nā pests. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae maikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahu, no ka mea, e hoʻoheheʻe koke lākou. ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā hale lāʻau āpau me ka parachlorophenolate a i ʻole ka sodium pentachlorophenolate. ʻAʻole lākou e pale wale i ka lāʻau mai ka palaho, akā e lilo nō hoʻi i mea pale i nā ʻōpala āpau. Hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻāpana lāʻau me kahi hopena o ka bleach a me ka waikawa carbolic ma hope o kēlā me kēia mālama wela. Hoʻopau ʻia ka substrate i mālama ʻia me ka hui like.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i ka mālama mahu me nā kemika. No ka laʻana, e mālama mua i nā paia, nā papahele, nā pā me nā chlorophos me ka cuprosan a laila e puhi i nā mea āpau no 6 mau hola. A i ʻole e mālama i ka lumi me ka 40% formalin a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o ka copper sulphate a me ka lime. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e holoi ʻia nā paia, ka papahele a me ke kaupaku me kahi hopena 1% o ka alkali chloride. A laila e hoʻokuʻu i ka lumi me ka formaldehyde. No 100 mau mika square, pono ʻoe e lawe i 2 lita o 40% formalin a me 400 g o ka bleach. E kau i ka bleach i loko o nā pahu enameled a i ʻole porcelain. E hoʻonohonoho i nā kīʻaha me ka lime ma ka papahele ma luna o ka wahi holoʻokoʻa o ka lumi, e hoʻohui i ka formaldehyde. E loaʻa ke kinoea formaldehyde, e hoʻopuni ana i ka lumi holoʻokoʻa. E ninini i ka formaldehyde ma ke kuhikuhi mai loko o ka lumi a hiki i ka puka. Pono e hana wikiwiki loa ka hana holoʻokoʻa. A laila e pani i nā puka no nā lā 2. A laila e ventilate i ka lumi no 4 mau lā.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke pīpī iā ia me ka 4% bleach solution. No ke aha e hoʻoheheʻe ai i ka lime kūpono i loko o kahi wai liʻiliʻi. Hana maikaʻi ʻia kēia i loko o kahi kīʻaha lāʻau. A laila e hoʻohui i ka wai e loaʻa ai kahi hopena o ka manaʻo e pono ai, a waiho i ka infuse no 2 mau hola. E kāpīpī i ka lumi me ka hopena. A laila pani no 2 mau lā. Pono e hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana 15 mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka substrate. Pono ka chlorine a pau e mahu.

Hiki ke hoʻopā ʻia ka formalin ma ka hale. No 10 lita o ka wai, e lawe i 0,25 lita o 40% formalin. No 100 m o ka lumi, 20 lita o ka hopena e koi ʻia. Pono e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka lumi a paʻa paʻa no 2 mau lā. A laila e ventilate.

He mea pono ka Formalin no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo. Akā ʻaʻole ia e pale aku i nā iniseti ʻino a ʻaʻole e luku mau i nā spores fungal.

ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi he lepo pinepine me nā spores. Ma mua o kēlā me kēia puka, pono ʻoe e kau i kahi moena pulu i hoʻonā ʻia i ka disinfectant. Pono nā mea a pau e komo i loko o ka lumi. Eia kekahi, i kēlā me kēia kakahiaka, pono e hoʻoinu ʻia nā pauku āpau me kahi solution 2% formalin. Pono nā mea hana a pau e hoʻonā i ka hopena hoʻokahi.

No kaʻohiʻana, pono e hoʻohana i nā hīnaʻi hou i kēlā me kēia manawa. Mai lawe i nā pahu. Inā lawe ʻia nā hīnaʻi kahiko, a laila pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia lākou i kahi hopena o ka bleach. Inā ulu nā halo i loko o nā ʻeke plastik, a laila ʻaʻole pono lākou e disinfected, no ka mea, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i hoʻokahi manawa. Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā pahu lāʻau ma hope o kēlā me kēia ʻohi. Pono e hana pinepine ʻia ka mea hope me ka mahu no 1 mau hola, a i ʻole no kēia, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea āpau i loko o kahi hopena o kekahi o nā disinfectants, no ka laʻana ka sodium pentachlorophenolate. I ka hōʻailona mua o ke ʻano o nā nematodes, pono ʻoe e kāpae koke i ka pahu kahiko a kūʻai i kahi hou.

He paʻakikī loa ka pale ʻana i ka mycelium mai nā microorganism ʻino ʻino. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko me nā mea hana, nā mea hana, nā lole, me ka lepo uhi, compost, i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai. Pono e ho'oma'ema'e mua 'ia nā mea a pau i lawe 'ia i loko o ka mycelium. Pono e kānana ʻia ka ea mai ka ʻōnaehana ea. He mea nui ia e hana i kēia i ka wā o ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium. No kēia kumu, hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe e like me nā kānana. Inā hoʻouluʻia ka nui o ka ea, a laila ma kēiaʻano eʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi pale wai,ʻo ia hoʻi, e hele ka ea i loko o ka pale o nā kulu wai, e like me ka wailele.

Aia kekahi mea e like me "ka puka komo o ka maʻi." ʻO ka wahi kokoke i ka puka o ka mycelium - ʻo ia ka ʻīpuka a me nā maʻi ʻeha o nā haʻi - pono e maʻemaʻe. Pono e hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka puʻu compost i kahi mamao loa mai ka puka. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e loaʻa ai, pono e noʻonoʻo i kahi mea e like me ka makani. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi puʻu compost ma ka ʻaoʻao leeward mai ka puka. Ma kahi kokoke i ke komo ʻana i ka mycelium ʻaʻole pono nā mānoanoa o nā kumu lāʻau, nā ʻōpala ʻōpala, no ka mea he kumu maoli lākou o ka maʻi.

Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kumu ʻoihana o ka haumia ea, inā loaʻa.

ʻOiai nā hana pale a pau, hiki ke loaʻa nā myceliums i ka maʻi i nā parasites. I kēia hihia, ʻo ke ana wale nō e hooki ai i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi, ʻo ia ka kaʻawale piha o kēia mau wahi. Pono lākou e disinfected, me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻohi. No ke aha e kāpīpī pinepine ʻia ai lākou me ka potassium a i ʻole ka paʻakai maʻamau, ka paʻakai, i ninini ʻia me ka formalin, mālama ʻia me ka methylene bromide, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana i kekahi mea ikaika e hiki ai ke luku i ke kumu o ka maʻi. Eia kekahi, i loko o nā lumi i hoʻohaumia ʻia, mālama ʻia ka mālama wela ma mua o ka papa kuhikuhi.

Pono e mālama pono ʻia nā ʻano ʻenehana āpau i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka substrate a me ka compost. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mea nui e hakakā ai i nā maʻi. Ma ka compost i hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻia, ulu wikiwiki ka mycelium a keʻakeʻa i ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganism ʻē aʻe. Kapa ʻia kēia waiwai o ka compost i ka selectivity. ʻO ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana i nā kūlana no ka ulu ʻana o kekahi mea kino. Hoʻoholo maʻalahi ka koho ʻana o ka substrate - ʻo ia ka mea inā pili kona mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa i nā kūlana e pono ai no ka hoʻohua maikaʻi ʻana o nā halo.

Pono e hoʻomaka nā hana a pau ma kahi o ka mycelium i ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana, a neʻe i kēlā mau wahi kahi e pau ai ke kaʻina ulu me ka ʻohi. Aia ma laila e hōʻiliʻili ai nā meaola parasitic a me nā mea hoʻokūkū, a ke emi nei ka hiki ke kū'ē iā lākou i loko o nā fungi. Pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka mea kanu a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e like me ke kauoha i hōʻike ʻia - mai nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a i nā mea kahiko. Pono e puhi ʻia ka ea ma ka ʻaoʻao like - mai nā moʻomeheu ʻōpio a i nā mea kahiko. Pono e noʻonoʻo koke ʻia kēlā mau kikoʻī ʻoiai ke hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi lumi. I ka neʻe ʻana mai kahi ʻāpana a i kekahi, pono e holoi lima me ke kopa a me nā mea hana disinfect. I ka ʻohi ʻana, mai ʻohi i nā halo maʻi - pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia lākou mai nā mea olakino.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo i hoʻokahi wahi hou. ʻO nā halo, ʻoiai i loko o ka hale, ʻike mau i ka loli o nā kau. Aʻo ka piʻiʻana o ka piko i nā manawa a pau i ke kauwela. No laila, pono e hoʻoulu i nā halo i ʻole e hāʻule ka hoʻomaka o kā lākou mahi ʻana i ke kauwela.

ʻO kekahi mau huaʻōlelo e pili ana i nā pesticides a me nā hoʻonā ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides āpau no ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi o ka mycelium o ka fungi i ka mycelium wale nō i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui pū i ka hui ʻana o ka uhi uhi a i ʻole compost, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a ninini ʻia ma luna o nā moena me kēia hopena. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala nā pathogens i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia, no laila pono e hoʻololi ʻia lākou me nā mea hou. Nui nā ʻano lāʻau pesticides. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole kū mālie ka ʻepekema, a ʻike ʻia nā lāʻau hou i kēlā me kēia lā. Akā ʻaneʻane like ko lākou kumu.

ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā maʻi virus, no laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu olakino. Pono nō hoʻi e kau i kahi kānana maikaʻi ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ea a hoʻokō i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, kahi e make ai nā spores fungal, no ka mea ma o lākou e lawe ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā maʻi.

Aia kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i ka maʻi bacteria: pono e hoʻoinu ʻia nā moena me kahi hopena bleach 0,25%. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele i ka uhi uhi. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaneʻane maikaʻi nā hopena wai āpau me nā halogens e kūʻē i ka bacteria.

ʻO Malathion, diazinon, dichlorvos, endosulfan a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe e kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pepeke. ʻO Diazinon kahi mea hana prophylactic; Ua mālama ʻia nā mycelium i loko a i waho i hoʻokahi mahina ma waena o ka ʻohi ʻana. Inā hoʻokō ʻia ka pasteurization ma nā pā i loko o nā keʻena, a laila pono e hana ʻia ka mālama ʻana me ka diazinon ma mua o ka pasteurization, lūlū a me ka kuke ʻana.

Hana ʻia ʻo Dichlorvos i loko o nā keʻena i kēlā me kēia pule. Hoʻohana pū ʻia me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui o nā pests insect. No ka laʻana, me ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana o nā springtails, pono e pīpī ʻia ka papahele a me nā paia i loko o nā cell me kahi hopena 0,03% o dichlorvos. Nui nā poʻe akamai e hoʻololi i 2 insecticides i ka manawa hoʻokahi. I kēia hihia, paʻakikī i nā pests ke hoʻololi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela a me ka pasteurization o ka substrate, pono ia e hoʻopau i nā iniseti āpau - i kēlā me kēia māwae a me ka māwae, e kānana i ka ea.

He mea koʻikoʻi nā hana maʻemaʻe āpau i ka hakakā ʻana i nā mea hoʻokūkū fungal a me nā parasites. ʻAʻole makemake ʻia e hakakā wale me nā mea kemika, no ka mea hiki i nā fungicides ke hōʻino i ka hua. ʻO ka fungicide systemic maikaʻi loa he benomyl. Hiki ke loaʻa ma lalo o nā inoa fundazol a me benlat. Loaʻa i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau ka mea hana like, akā hana ʻia e nā hui like ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Fundazol i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea 2 ʻē aʻe, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi.

Hāʻawi ʻia ia ma kahi ʻano o 15 g / m ma mua o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hui uhi. Inā loaʻa kahi hoʻoweliweli maoli o ka puka ʻana o ka pala keʻokeʻo a maloʻo paha, ka pala, a laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka dosage i 45 g / m. I ka hihia o kahi maʻi fungal, pono e mālama ʻia ka mycelium me ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma kahi ʻano o 1 g / m. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka mancozeb, zineb, maneb.

ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hakakā me nā nematodes a me nā ticks. Hōʻiliʻili lākou i loko o ka compost a hānai i ka mycelium o ka haʻiki i kanu ʻia. Ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ka mea mua, pono e hoʻopili maikaʻi i ka substrate. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka parachlorophenolate a me ka pentachlorophenolate e kūʻē i nā nematodes. Hoʻopili lākou i nā ʻāpana lāʻau a me nā mea āpau. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopuʻi ʻia ma ke keʻena i kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka compost. ʻO kēia mau lāʻau he antiseptics ikaika. He maʻalahi hoʻi lākou e hoʻololi me nā antiseptics ʻē aʻe, e like me ka carbolic acid. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole nā ​​​​kemika a pau e decompose a volatilize. He nui ka poʻe i hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā kino hua o nā halo. No laila, pono e hoʻohana pono ʻia nā mea kemika no ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi, nā parasites a me nā pests a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. Eia kekahi, mai hoʻohana i nā kūlana hana like i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o nā puke no nā māla a me nā māla, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau like.

Inā ʻaneʻane mākaukau nā halo no kā lākou hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kemika e kūʻē i nā pests a me nā maʻi. Maanei hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā infusions herbal. Palekana lākou i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kemika. Eia kekahi, inā kā lākou i ka halo, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe a ʻai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he hopena maʻalahi nā infusions herbal a ʻaʻole hoʻopau piha i ka pilikia e like me ke ʻano o nā mea kemika. Akā hiki iā lākou ke hana maikaʻi. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻohe ʻikepili pololei e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ia mau infusions ma nā wahi āpau, no laila e hoʻohana pono ʻia lākou, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ka ʻono, ke kala a me ka ʻala o nā halo.

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālika i nā iniseti a me nā maʻi fungal. ʻO kāna hana a hiki i 10 mau lā. No ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i kēlāʻano infusion, ponoʻoe eʻoki i 90 g o ke kāleka me ka'ōpala kāleka, e ninini i ka 10 ml o kaʻaila i hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻoleʻia i loko o ka gruel. Ma hope o ʻelua mau lā, e hui pū i ka hui ʻaila me ka wai kopa. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka mea hope penei: 10 g o ke kopa e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i 500 ml o ka wai, hui maikaʻi a waiho ʻia no kahi lā. A laila e kānana i ka hui ʻana a mālama i loko o kahi pahu paʻa paʻa. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka hopena spray penei: 1 ʻāpana o ka hui ʻana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i 100 mau ʻāpana o ka wai. Inā kiʻekiʻe ka degere o ka maʻi, a laila pono e emi ka wai.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomākaukau i nā infusions o kekahi mau mea kanu. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka lavender a me ka tansy e pale aku i nā nalo. No ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka infusion, e ninini i nā mea hou a maloʻo paha me ka wai paila. Maʻaneʻi,ʻaʻole pono ka nānāʻana i nā'āpana -ʻo ka ikaika o ka infusion e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi o ka mycelium.