Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā hau, i ka wā i noho ai nā kānaka, inā ʻaʻole i loko o ka paradaiso, akā i loko o kahi ea i hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia, ʻo ka ʻoihana nui ka ʻākoakoa. ʻOi aku ka ʻōpio a me ka hānai pipi ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka mahiʻai ʻana, e like me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā ʻike ʻepekema. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ʻai ko mākou mau kūpuna i ka ʻiʻo. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka maʻamau o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, i loaʻa i ka wā pilikia o ke aniau, ma hope o ka emi ʻana o ka glacier. A he ʻano moʻomeheu wale nō ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, akā naʻe i hāʻawi ʻia e ka pono e ola i kahi pōkole (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka evolution) wā mōʻaukala.
Hōʻike ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu i ka pili nui o ka vegetarianism me kahi kuʻuna uhane. No laila ma ka Hikina kahiko, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ke ola hou ʻana i ka manaʻo mahalo a mālama pono i nā holoholona ma ke ʻano he ʻuhane; a ma ka Hikina Waena, no ka laʻana, ma ʻAigupita kahiko, ʻaʻole ʻai wale nā kāhuna i ka ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻopā i nā kupapaʻu o nā holoholona. ʻO ʻAigupita kahiko, e like me kā mākou ʻike, ʻo ia ka wahi hānau o kahi ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ikaika a maikaʻi. Ua lilo nā moʻomeheu o ʻAigupita a me Mesopotamia i kumu o kahi kikoʻī ʻIke "mahiʻai" o ka honua, - kahi e hoʻololi ai ke kau i ke kau, hele ka lā i kona pōʻai, ʻo ka neʻe cyclical ke kī i ke kūpaʻa a me ka pōmaikaʻi. Ua kākau ʻo Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79, ka mea kākau moʻolelo kūlohelohe ma ka Buke XXXVII. AD 77) no ka moʻomeheu kahiko o ʻAigupita: “Ua aʻo ʻo Isis, kekahi o nā akua wahine aloha loa o ko ʻAigupita, iā lākou [e like me kā lākou manaʻoʻiʻo] i ka hana kuke ʻana i ka berena mai. cereals i ulu hihiu ma mua. Eia naʻe, i ka wā ma mua, noho ko ʻAigupita i nā hua, nā aʻa, a me nā mea kanu. Ua hoʻomana ʻia ke akua wahine ʻo Isis ma ʻAigupita a pau, a ua kūkulu ʻia nā luakini nani i kona hanohano. ʻO kāna mau kāhuna, i hoʻohiki ʻia i ka maʻemaʻe, ua koi ʻia e ʻaʻahu i nā lole olonā me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā fila holoholona, e pale i ka meaʻai holoholona, a me nā mea kanu i manaʻo ʻia he haumia - nā pīni, ke kāleka, nā aniani maʻamau a me nā leeks.
I loko o ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, ka mea i ulu mai ka "Greek miracle of philosophy", ʻoiaʻiʻo, lohe ʻia nā leo o kēia mau moʻomeheu kahiko - me kā lākou moʻolelo o ke kūpaʻa a me ka pōmaikaʻi. He mea hoihoi ia Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe akua o ʻAigupita i nā kiʻi o nā holoholona e haʻi i kahi ʻōlelo uhane i nā kānaka. No laila, ʻo Hathor ke akua wahine o ke aloha a me ka nani, ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka bipi nani, a ʻo ka ʻīlio hihiu hae kekahi o nā maka o Anubis, ke akua o ka make.
ʻO nā akua Helene a me Roma he mau helehelena kanaka a me nā ʻano maʻamau. Heluhelu i ka "Myths of Ancient Greece", hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā hakakā o nā hanauna a me nā ʻohana, e ʻike i nā ʻano kanaka maʻamau i nā akua a me nā koa. Akā e nānā - ʻai nā akua i ka nectar a me ka ambrosia, ʻaʻohe kīʻaha ʻiʻo ma ko lākou papaʻaina, ʻaʻole like me ka poʻe make, huhū a haiki ka manaʻo. No laila i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa aia kahi kūpono - ke kiʻi o ke akua, a me ka meaʻai! "ʻO kahi kumu no kēlā mau mea pōʻino i hoʻomaka mua i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo hiki ke lilo i mea nele loa a nele i ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana, no ka mea, ua loaʻa iā lākou (ka poʻe kahiko) nā ʻano koko koko ʻaʻole ma muli o ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i kā lākou makemake, ʻaʻole hoʻi i mea e ʻai ai. ʻano voluptuousness ma waena o nā mea āpau e pono ai, akā no ka hemahema. Akā, he aha ke kumu e hiki ai iā mākou i ko mākou manawa?' i hooho ae ai o Plutarch.
Ua manaʻo ka poʻe Helene i nā meaʻai mea kanu maikaʻi no ka noʻonoʻo a me ke kino. A laila, e like me kēia manawa, nui nā huaʻai, ka paʻakai, ka berena, ka ʻaila ʻoliva ma kā lākou papaʻaina. ʻAʻole ia he mea pōʻino i lilo ke akua wahine ʻo Athena i kahu no Helene. ʻO ka hahau ʻana i ka pōhaku me ka ihe, ua ulu ʻo ia i kumu lāʻau ʻoliva, a lilo ia i hōʻailona o ka pōmaikaʻi no Helene. Ua nānā nui ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka meaʻai kūpono Na kahuna Helene, ka poe akeakamai, a me ka poe paani. Makemake lākou a pau i nā meaʻai mea kanu. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ʻo ka mea akeakamai a me ka mea makemakika ʻo Pythagoras he mea kanu meaʻai, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻike huna kahiko, ʻaʻole wale nā ʻepekema, akā ua aʻo ʻia nā gymnastics ma kāna kula. Ua ʻai nā haumāna, e like me Pythagoras iā ia iho, i ka berena, ka meli a me ka ʻoliva. A he lōʻihi loa kona ola ʻana no ia mau manawa a noho maikaʻi ʻo ia i ke kino a me ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi a hiki i kona mau makahiki nui. Ua kākau ʻo Plutarch i kāna ʻatikala ʻo On Meat-Eating: "Hiki iā ʻoe ke nīnau i nā kumu i haʻalele ai ʻo Pythagoras i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo? ʻO koʻu ʻaoʻao, ke nīnau nei au i ka nīnau ma lalo o ke ʻano o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o ke kanaka i hoʻoholo mua e ʻono i ka ʻono o ke koko, e ʻō aku i kona mau lehelehe i ka ʻiʻo o ke kupapaʻu a hoʻonani i kāna papaʻaina me nā kino make, popopo, a pehea ʻo ia a laila ua ʻae ʻo ia iā ia iho e kapa i nā ʻāpana o ka mea ma mua koke o kēia mea e uē ana a bleated, neʻe a ola ... No ke kino, ʻaihue mākou iā lākou i ka lā, ka mālamalama a me ke ola, nona ka kuleana e hānau ai. ʻO nā mea kanu ʻo Socrates a me kāna haumāna ʻo Plato, Hippocrates, Ovid a me Seneca.
Me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā manaʻo Kalikiano, ua lilo ka vegetarianism i ʻāpana o ka philosophy of abstinence and asceticism.. Ua ʻike ʻia he nui nā mākua pule mua i mālama i ka meaʻai meaʻai, ma waena o lākou ʻo Origen, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Naʻe tohi ʻe he ʻAposetolo ko Paulá ʻi heʻene tohi ki he kau Loma: “ʻOua naʻa fakaʻauha ʻa e ngaahi ngāue ʻa e ʻOtua, koeʻuhi ko e kai. Maʻemaʻe nā mea a pau, akā he mea ʻino i ka mea ʻai ke hoʻowalewale. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai ʻole i ka ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hoʻi e inu i ka waina, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hana i kekahi mea e hina ai kou hoahānau, a e hihia ai, a e maule ai.
I ka Middle Ages, ua nalowale ka manaʻo o ka vegetarianism i meaʻai kūpono e kūlike me ke ʻano kanaka. ʻO ia kokoke i ka manaʻo o ka asceticism a me ka hoʻokē ʻai, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe e like me ke ala e hoʻokokoke aku ai i ke Akua, mihi ana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻai ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i ka Middle Ages i ka ʻiʻo liʻiliʻi, a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻai iki. E like me ke kākau ʻana o ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo, ʻo ka ʻai o ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa i kēlā me kēia lā he mau huaʻai a me nā cereals, ʻaʻole loa nā huahana waiū. Akā i ka Renaissance, ua hoʻi hou ka vegetarianism ma ke ʻano he manaʻo. He nui nā mea pena kiʻi a me nā ʻepekema i pili iā ia, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Newton lāua ʻo Spinoza, ʻo Michelangelo lāua ʻo Leonardo da Vinci nā mea kākoʻo o ka meaʻai mea kanu, a ma ka New Age, ʻo Jean-Jacques Rousseau lāua ʻo Wolfgang Goethe, Lord Byron a me Shelley, Bernard He poʻe hahai ʻo Shaw lāua ʻo Heinrich Ibsen i ka meaʻai meaʻai.
No ka mea, pili ka vegetarianism "hoʻomālamalama" i ka manaʻo o ke ʻano kanaka, ka mea kūpono a me ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka hana maikaʻi o ke kino a me ka hemolele ʻuhane. ʻO ke kenekulia XNUMX ka mea maʻamau ka manaʻo o ka "naturalness", a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ʻano ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia o ka meaʻai kūpono. Ua hōʻike ʻo Cuvier, i kāna ʻatikala e pili ana i ka meaʻai:Hoʻololi ʻia ke kanaka i ka hānai ʻana i nā hua, nā aʻa a me nā ʻāpana momona ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu. Ua ʻae pū ʻo Rousseau me ia, ʻaʻole e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo iā ia iho (he mea laʻa loa ia no Farani me kāna moʻomeheu gastronomy!).
Me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ua nalowale kēia mau manaʻo. Ua aneane lanakila loa ka civilization i ke ʻano, ua lawe ʻia ka hānai pipi ma nā ʻano ʻoihana, ua lilo ka ʻiʻo i mea kūʻai maʻalahi. Pono wau e ʻōlelo i kēlā manawa ma ʻEnelani i kū mai ma Manchester ka "British Vegetarian Society" mua o ka honua. Hōʻike ʻia kona ʻano i ka makahiki 1847. Ua pāʻani me ka leʻaleʻa nā mea hana o ka ʻaha kanaka i nā manaʻo o nā huaʻōlelo "vegetus" - olakino, ikaika, hou, a me "mea kanu" - mea kanu. No laila, ua hoʻoikaika ka ʻōnaehana hui Pelekane i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka vegetarianism, kahi i lilo ai i mea ikaika nui a ke ulu nei.
I ka makahiki 1849 ua paʻi ʻia ka puke pai o ka Vegetarian Society, The Vegetarian Courier. Ua kūkākūkā ka "Courier" i nā pilikia e pili ana i ke olakino a me ke ʻano o ke ola, i paʻi ʻia i nā ʻatikala a me nā moʻolelo moʻolelo "ma ke kumuhana." Ua paʻi ʻia ma kēia nūpepa a ʻo Bernard Shaw, ʻike ʻia no kāna ʻike ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mea ʻai meaʻai. Makemake ʻo Shaw e ʻōlelo: “ʻO nā holoholona koʻu mau hoaaloha. ʻAʻole au ʻai i koʻu mau hoa. Loaʻa iā ia kekahi o nā aphorisms pro-vegetarian kaulana loa: “Ke pepehi ke kanaka i kahi tiger, kapa ʻo ia he haʻuki; ke pepehi ka tiga i ke kanaka, manao ia he koko koko. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo Pelekania ka poʻe Pelekania inā ʻaʻole lākou e makaʻala i nā haʻuki. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā mea kanu. Ua hoʻokumu ka Vegetarian Union i kāna hui haʻuki ponoʻī - ʻO ka hui haʻuki meaʻai, nona nā lālā i hāpai i ka holo paikikala a me nā haʻuki. Ua hoʻokumu nā lālā o ka hui ma waena o 1887 a me 1980 i 68 mau moʻolelo kūloko a me 77 kūloko i nā hoʻokūkū, a lanakila i ʻelua mau mekala gula ma ka IV Olympic Games ma Lākana i 1908.
Ma hope iki ma mua o ʻEnelani, ua hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana i nā meaʻai meaʻai e lawe i nā ʻano pilikanaka ma ka ʻāina. I Kelemania ʻO ka manaʻo o ka vegetarianism ua hoʻoikaika nuiʻia e ka hoʻolahaʻana o ka theosophy a me ka anthroposophy, a ma ka mua, e like me keʻano o ka 1867th century, ua hoʻokumuʻia nā hui i ka hakakā no ke ola olakino. No laila, i ka makahiki 1868, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Pastor Eduard Balzer i ka "Union of Friends of the Natural Way of Life" ma Nordhausen, a ma 1892 Gustav von Struve i hoʻokumu i ka "Vegetarian Society" ma Stuttgart. Ua hui ʻia nā hui ʻelua i XNUMX e hoʻokumu i ka "German Vegetarian Union". I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, hoʻolaha ʻia ka vegetarianism e nā anthroposophists i alakaʻi ʻia e Rudolf Steiner. A ʻo ka ʻōlelo a Franz Kafka, i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka iʻa aquarium: "Hiki iaʻu ke nānā aku iā ʻoe me ka mālie, ʻaʻole au e ʻai hou iā ʻoe," ua lilo i ʻēheu maoli a lilo i ka motto o nā mea kanu a puni ka honua.
Mōʻaukala vegetarianism i ke Netherlands pili me nā inoa kaulana Ferdinand Domel Nieuwenhuis. ʻO kahi kanaka koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMXth i lilo i mea pale mua o ka vegetarianism. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ʻaʻohe kuleana o ke kanaka civili i loko o ka hui kaulike e pepehi i nā holoholona. ʻO Domela he kanaka socialist a he anarchist, he kanaka manaʻo a me ka makemake. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻolauna i kona ʻohana i ka meaʻai meaʻai, akā ua lūlū ʻo ia i ka manaʻo. Ma ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa, 1894, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Netherlands Vegetarian Union. ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauka ʻo Anton Verskhor, ua komo ka Union i 33 mau kānaka. Ua hui ka hui i na hoa paio mua o ka io me ka inaina. Ua paʻi ka nūpepa ʻo "Amsterdamets" i kahi ʻatikala a Kauka Peter Teske: "He poʻe naʻaupō i waena o mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo nei hiki i nā hua manu, nā pīni, nā lentils a me nā ʻāpana nui o nā mea kanu maka ke pani i kahi ʻoki, entrecote a i ʻole wāwae moa. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia kekahi mea mai ka poʻe me ia mau manaʻo hoʻopunipuni: hiki koke iā lākou ke hele a puni nā alanui me ke kapa ʻole. ʻO ka Vegetarianism, ʻaʻole ma mua o ka "lima" māmā (a i ʻole he laʻana!) Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Domely e hui pū me ka noʻonoʻo kūʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻohewa ka nūpepa ʻo Hague "People" i ka hapa nui o nā wahine meaʻai: "He ʻano wahine kūikawā kēia: ʻo kekahi o ka poʻe i ʻoki pōkole i ko lākou lauoho a noi hoʻi no ke komo ʻana i nā koho balota!" Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1898 ua wehe ʻia ka hale ʻaina meaʻai mua ma The Hague, a he 10 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Vegetarian Union, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kona mau lālā ma mua o 1000 poʻe!
Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua emi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka vegetarianism, a ua hōʻoia ka noiʻi ʻepekema i ka pono e ʻai i ka protein holoholona. A i nā makahiki 70 wale nō o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua kāhāhā ʻo Holland i nā mea āpau me kahi ala hou i ka vegetarianism - Ua hōʻoia ka noiʻi ʻana a ke kanaka olaola ʻo Veren Van Putten e hiki i nā holoholona ke noʻonoʻo a noʻonoʻo! Pīhoihoi loa ka ʻepekema i nā mana noʻonoʻo o nā puaʻa, ʻaʻole ia i haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā ʻīlio. I ka makahiki 1972, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Tasty Beast Animal Rights Society, Ua kūʻē kona mau lālā i nā kūlana weliweli o nā holoholona a me kā lākou pepehi ʻana. ʻAʻole lākou i manaʻo hou ʻia he eccentrics - Ua hoʻomaka mālie ʻia ka vegetarianism e like me ke ʻano maʻamau.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ma nā ʻāina Katolika kahiko, ma Farani, Italia, Sepania, ua ulu mālie ka meaʻai meaʻai a ʻaʻole i lilo i mea hoʻoneʻe kaiaulu. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi poʻe e pili ana i ka ʻai "anti-meat", ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā pono a i ʻole nā pōʻino o ka vegetarianism e pili ana i ka physiology a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau - ua kūkākūkā ʻia pehea ka maikaʻi o ke kino.
Ma Italia hoʻomohala ʻia ka vegetarianism, no laila, ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻO ka meaʻai Mediterranean, ma ke kumu, hoʻohana i ka ʻiʻo liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka mea nui i ka meaʻai ma luna o nā mea kanu a me nā huahana dairy, i ka hana ʻana o ka poʻe Italia "ma mua o ke koena". ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻāʻo e hana i ka manaʻo no ka vegetarianism ma ka ʻāina, a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻike ʻia nā neʻe kūʻē i ka lehulehu. Akā ma FaraniʻAʻole i hoʻomaka ka vegetarianism. I nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala iho nei - ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke kenekulia XNUMX wale nō! Ua hoʻomaka ka puka ʻana mai o nā hale ʻaina meaʻai a me nā hale ʻaina. A inā ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e noi i kahi papa meaʻai meaʻai, e ʻōlelo, i loko o kahi hale ʻaina o nā meaʻai Farani kuʻuna, a laila ʻaʻole e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia ʻoe. ʻO ke kuʻuna o ka meaʻai Palani ka leʻaleʻa i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā meaʻai like ʻole a ʻono a nani. A he kau kau! No laila, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea e ʻōlelo ai, i kekahi manawa he ʻiʻo maoli nō ia. Ua hele mai ka Vegetarianism i Farani me ke ʻano o nā hana hikina, ke piʻi mālie nei ka hoihoi. Eia naʻe, ikaika nā kuʻuna, a no laila ʻo Farani ka "mea kanu ʻole" o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa.