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Manaʻo ka poʻe psychologist evolutionary ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā hakakā me ka maluhia ua kōkua iā mākou e lilo i ko mākou i kēia lā. No ke aha he mea maikaʻi ʻole i ke kanaka ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa? Hana mākou me nā poʻe akamai.
Ke nānā mākou i ka nūhou ma ka TV, manaʻo mākou ke noho nei mākou i kahi honua kahi e noho ai ka hakakā a me ka hana ʻino. Eia naʻe, inā mākou e nānā pono iā mākou iho a aʻo i ka mōʻaukala o kā mākou ʻano, ʻike ʻia, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā primates ʻē aʻe, he mau mea maluhia mākou.
Inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike iā mākou me ko mākou ʻohana pili loa, nā monkeys, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i loko o nā pūʻulu kanaka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka empathy a me ka altruism. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoponopono i nā hakakā me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻino ma mua o Kindred.
Ua lōʻihi ka hoihoi o nā psychologists Evolutionary i ka nīnau: he aha ke kuleana o ka makemake i ka maluhia i hoʻokani i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ko mākou kaiāulu? ʻO ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ko mākou kaiāulu? ʻO nā hopena, a pehea, wahi a ka mea olaola ʻo Nathan Lenz.
Ua hoihoi ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kānaka a me ko lākou ʻohana pili loa i ka honua o nā holoholona. Akā, he aha nā kumu i ʻoi aku ka maluhia o ke kanaka kūpono ma mua o kona mau kūpuna? Hoʻopaʻa ka poʻe ʻepekema ma kahi o ʻeono mau kumu i kōkua i kēia kaʻina hana. Akā ʻoiaʻiʻo he nui nā mea hou aʻe, no ka mea ua ulu kā mākou ʻano no kahi miliona mau makahiki. ʻO wai ka mea ʻike i nā mea huna a kāna moʻolelo?
ʻAneʻane ʻae nā haumāna a pau i nā mea ʻeono ma ka papa inoa, mai ka poʻe anthropologists a hiki i nā psychologists pilikanaka, mai nā loea lapaʻau a hiki i ka sociologists.
1. Naʻauao, kamaʻilio a me ka ʻōlelo
ʻAʻole ia he mea huna i ka nui o nā ʻano holoholona i hoʻomohala i kā lākou "ʻōlelo" ponoʻī i kekahi degere a i ʻole. ʻO nā kani, nā ʻano, nā hiʻohiʻona maka - hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea e nā holoholona he nui, mai nā iʻa a i nā ʻīlio prairie, hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Lenz. Akā, ua maopopo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōlelo kanaka.
Hiki i kekahi mau holoholona ke nīnau i ko lākou ʻohana no kekahi mea kikoʻī a wehewehe pū i nā mea e hana nei, akā paʻakikī loa kēia no lākou. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe nā ʻōlelo kanaka me kā lākou mau hihia, nā ʻōlelo paʻakikī, nā ʻano like ʻole, nā hihia a me nā declensions…
Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi he pili pili ka naʻauao, ka ʻōlelo a me ka noho maluhia. I ka wā e pili ana i nā primates, pili ka nui o ka lolo (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ke kaumaha o ke kino) me ka nui o ka hui e noho ai lākou. A ʻo kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me ka poʻe loea i nā kaʻina evolutionary, hōʻike pololei i ka pilina ma waena o nā mākau pilikanaka a me nā hiki cognitive.
Hiki pinepine nā paio ma nā hui nui ma mua o nā hui li'ili'i. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻoholo iā lākou me ka maluhia e koi i kahi naʻauao i kūkulu ʻia, kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka empathy a me nā mākau kamaʻilio ākea ma mua o nā ʻano hana ʻino.
2. Hui hoʻokūkū
ʻO ka hoʻokūkū a me ka launa pū ʻana paha e like me ke kūʻē iā mākou, akā i ka wā e pili ana i nā hui, hoʻololi nā mea āpau. ʻO nā kānaka, e like me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka honua o nā holoholona, hoʻohui pinepine e kūʻē i nā mea hoʻokūkū. I kēia manawa, lilo nā hana anti-social (hoʻokūkū) i mau hana pro-social (cooperation), wehewehe ʻo Nathan Lentz.
ʻO ka ʻano prosocial kekahi mea e pōmaikaʻi ai i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa. No ka hana ʻana ma kēia ʻano, pono ʻoe e ʻae i ka manaʻo o kekahi, e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a hiki iā ʻoe ke aloha. He mea nui hoʻi iā mākou ke kaulike i ko mākou mau pono me nā pono o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a hāʻawi aku i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e like me kā mākou lawe ʻana mai iā lākou.
ʻO ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i kēia mau mākau āpau i ʻoi aku ka lanakila o kēlā me kēia hui i ka hoʻokūkū me nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe. Ua uku ʻia mākou e ke koho kūlohelohe: ua lilo ke kanaka i ʻoi aku ka prosocial a hiki ke hana i nā pilina pili. ʻŌlelo ʻakaʻaka ka poʻe ʻepekema e pili ana i kēia mau kaʻina hana e like me kēia: "E ola ka mea aloha."
3. Loaʻa nā ʻano moʻomeheu
ʻOi aku ka lanakila o nā hui i hiki i nā lālā ke hana like. Ma hope o ka "hoʻomaopopo" i kēia, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hōʻiliʻili i kekahi mau ʻano hana i hāʻawi ʻia ma hope ʻaʻole wale i ka hiki ke hoʻokumu i ka maluhia, akā i ka kūleʻa i ka hoʻokūkū. A ke ulu nei kēia pūʻulu akamai a me ka ʻike a hoʻoili ʻia mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna. Eia ka papa inoa o nā hiʻohiʻona moʻomeheu o kahi kanaka i kōkua i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā paio i loko o nā hui kaiaulu:
- hiki ke aʻo pilikanaka
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula o ka hana i loko o ke kaiāulu,
- mahele o ka hana,
- he ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻi no ka ʻano i haʻalele i ke ʻano maʻamau i ʻae ʻia,
- ka puka ʻana mai o kahi kaulana i hoʻoikaika i ka holomua hānau,
- ka hana ʻana o nā hōʻailona non-biological (ʻano), e hōʻike ana i kahi hui kūikawā,
- ka puka ʻana mai o nā «institution» i loko o ka hui e pōmaikaʻi ai.
4. "Hoʻomoe" kanaka
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā kānaka he manaʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā aʻo a Darwin. Akā, i kēia manawa wale nō, ke hoʻomaka nei mākou e hoihoi hohonu i ka ʻaoʻao genetic o ka home, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo piha i kona ʻano. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia nā kānaka e nā kaʻina hana like i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā holoholona.
ʻAʻole like loa nā holoholona holoholona o kēia wā me ko lākou mau holoholona hihiu. ʻO nā kao, nā moa, nā ʻīlio a me nā pōpoki ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka huhū. A ua hana pololei ia no ka mea no nā kenekulia ua hānai ke kanaka i nā holoholona hoʻolohe nui loa, a kāpae i nā mea ʻino mai kēia kaʻina hana.
Ua waiho ʻia ka poʻe i hōʻike i ka makemake i ka hana ʻino. Akā ua uku ʻia nā mea nona ke ʻano prosocial
Inā hoʻohālikelike mākou iā mākou i kēia lā me ko mākou mau kūpuna, ʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka maluhia a me ke ahonui ma mua o ko mākou mau kupuna kupuna mua. Ua hoʻoikaika kēia i ka poʻe ʻepekema e noʻonoʻo ua pili pū ka kaʻina hana "koho" i ka poʻe: ua haʻalele ʻia ka poʻe i hōʻike i ka hana ʻino. Akā ua uku ʻia nā mea nona ke ʻano prosocial.
Ma ke ʻano biologically, kākoʻo ʻia kēia manaʻo e nā loli i hiki iā mākou ke nānā i nā holoholona holoholona. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou mau niho, nā maka maka a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka waha ma mua o ko lākou mau mua kahiko. He ʻano liʻiliʻi nō hoʻi mākou me ko mākou ʻohana Neanderthal.
5. Hoʻemi ʻia nā pae testosterone
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ana i nā pae testosterone i nā mōʻalihaku kanaka a me nā holoholona. Akā, aia nā hōʻike like ʻole e emi mau ana nā pae maʻamau o kēia hormone i kā mākou ʻano i nā makahiki he 300 i hala. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ikaika i ko mākou mau maka: ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā pae testosterone i lilo ai lākou i poepoe. A ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko mākou mau kuʻemaka ma mua o nā mea a ko mākou mau kūpuna kahiko i "ʻaʻahu". I ka manawa like, ua emi nā pae testosterone i nā kāne a me nā wahine.
Uaʻikeʻia i loko o nāʻano holoholona likeʻole, pili nā pae testosterone kiʻekiʻe me ka manaʻo o ka huhū, ka hanaʻino a me ka mana. ʻO kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o kēia hormone e hōʻike ana i kahi kūlana ʻoi aku ka lokahi, mālie. ʻAe, aia nā nuances, a i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe, hoʻokani ʻo testosterone i kahi ʻano exaggerated, akā aia nō kahi pilina.
No ka laʻana, inā mākou e aʻo i nā chimpanzees hakakā, hakakā a me kā lākou mau ʻohana bonobo i mālama ʻia e ka wahine, ʻike mākou he ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka testosterone mua ma mua o ka hope.
6. Ke ahonui i na malihini
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi hope loa o ke kanaka pono e haʻi ʻia ʻo ko mākou hiki ke hoʻomanawanui a ʻae i nā malihini, ke manaʻo mākou he lālā lākou o ko mākou kaiāulu.
I kekahi manawa, lilo nā kaiāulu kanaka i mea nui loa, a ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka moʻolelo o ko lākou mau lālā ua lilo i mea ikaika loa. Akā, ua hana ke kanaka i kahi mea kupanaha a hiki ʻole i kona mau ʻohana pili loa: ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i ka manaʻoʻiʻo i loko ʻaʻole he mea hoʻoweliweli ka poʻe malihini iā ia a hiki iā mākou ke noho maluhia me ka poʻe i pili ʻole iā mākou.
He ʻāpana mau ka hana ʻino i ko mākou ola, akā ua emi mālie a emi iho no ka mea he pono ia i kā mākou ʻano.
A no laila ua ulu ka pae o ka empathy a me ka altruism i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka i nā makahiki miliona i hala. I loko o kēia manawa, ua laha nui ka ʻano prosocial a me ka makemake e launa pū ma waena o nā lālā o ka hui like. ʻAe, he ʻāpana mau ka hana ʻino i ko mākou ola, akā ua emi mālie a emi iho no ka mea he pono ia i kā mākou ʻano.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu i alakaʻi ai i kēia hāʻule - ʻo ka pilikanaka, genetic a me ka hormonal - e kōkua iā mākou e lilo i mau mea ola maluhia, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka kūleʻa lōʻihi o kā mākou ʻano.