He aha kāu e hana ai me ke kahawai pau ʻole o ka ʻōpala palaka inā ʻaʻole mākou makemake e pili i nā lālā lāʻau, ʻauʻau kai, a hoʻopiha i ka ʻōpū o nā manu a me nā kohola?
Wahi a kahi hōʻike i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka World Economic Forum, manaʻo ʻia e pālua ka hana ʻana i ka plastic i nā makahiki he 20 e hiki mai ana. Ma ka manawa like, ma kahi o 30% o ka plastic i hana hou ʻia ma ʻEulopa, 9% wale nō ma USA, a ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina e hoʻomohala nei lākou e hana hou i ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ia mea a ʻaʻole hana hou.
I Ianuali 2019, kahi consortium o nā hui petrochemical a me nā mea kūʻai aku i kapa ʻia ʻo Alliance to Fight Plastic Waste i hoʻohiki ʻia e hoʻolilo i $ 1,5 biliona e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia ma mua o ʻelima mau makahiki. ʻO kā lākou pahuhopu ka kākoʻo ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopuka, hoʻolaha i nā papahana hana hou, a - ʻoi aku ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa - hoʻolaha i nā ʻenehana e hoʻololi i ka plastic i wahie a i ʻole ka ikehu.
Hiki i nā mea kanu e puhi i ka plastic a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe ke hoʻohua i ka wela a me ka mahu e hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana kūloko. ʻO ka European Union, ka mea i kaupalena i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā ʻōpala organik, ke hoʻopau nei ma kahi o 42% o kāna ʻōpala; Ua puhi ka US i 12,5%. Wahi a ka World Energy Council, he ʻupena i ʻae ʻia e US e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano o nā kumu ikehu a me nā ʻenehana, ʻike paha ka ʻāpana hana ʻōpala-i-energy i ka ulu ikaika i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Asia-Pacific. Aia ma kahi o 300 mau hale hana hana hou ma Kina, me nā haneli hou aʻe e kūkulu ʻia nei.
"I ka pani ʻana o nā ʻāina e like me Kina i ko lākou mau puka no ka lawe ʻana mai i nā ʻōpala mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokō nā ʻoihana hoʻōla nui i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic, e hoʻonui ʻia ka incineration ma ke ʻano he ala maʻalahi," wahi a ka ʻōlelo a Greenpeace ʻo John Hochevar.
Akā, he manaʻo maikaʻi ia?
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka puhi ʻana i ka ʻōpala palaka e hana i ka ikehu ke kani kūpono: ma hope o nā mea a pau, hana ʻia ka plastic mai nā hydrocarbons, e like me ka aila, a ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka lanahu. Akā ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala hiki ke keʻakeʻa ʻia e kekahi mau nuances.
E hoʻomaka kākou me ka paʻakikī o ka wahi o nā ʻoihana ʻōpala i ka ikehu: ʻaʻohe mea makemake e noho ma kahi kokoke i kahi mea kanu, kahi kokoke i kahi ʻōpala nui a me nā haneli o nā kaʻa ʻōpala i ka lā. ʻO ka maʻamau, aia kēia mau hale hana ma kahi kokoke i nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa. Ma US, hoʻokahi wale nō mea puhi ahi i kūkulu ʻia mai ka makahiki 1997.
Hoʻopuka nā hale hana nui i ka uila e hiki ai i nā ʻumi kaukani hale. Akā ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana i ka ʻōpala plastik e mālama i ka ikehu hou aʻe ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pono e unuhi i nā wahie fossil e hana i ka plastic hou.
ʻO ka hope, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mea kanu ʻōpala i ka ikehu e like me nā dioxins, nā kinoea waikawa, a me nā metala kaumaha, ʻoiai ma nā pae haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana nā hale hana hou i nā kānana e paʻa i kēia mau mea, akā e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka World Energy Council i kahi hōʻike 2017: "He mea pono kēia mau ʻenehana inā hana pono nā incinerators a mālama ʻia nā hoʻokuʻu." Ke hopohopo nei kekahi poʻe loea i nā ʻāina i nele i nā kānāwai kaiapuni a i ʻole hoʻokō i nā hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻāʻo e mālama i ke kālā ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.
ʻO ka hope, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke puhi ʻōpala. I ka makahiki 2016, ua hana ʻo US incinerators i 12 miliona tons o carbon dioxide, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ia mau mea i hele mai mai ke ahi ʻana i ka plastic.
Aia kekahi ala palekana e puhi ai i ka ʻōpala?
ʻO ke ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻohuli ai i ka ʻōpala i ikehu, ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, kahi kaʻina e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka plastic i nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa i ka aneane ʻole o ka oxygen (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā toxins e like me nā dioxins a me nā furans). Akā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka hoʻokūkū ʻana i kēia manawa ma muli o nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa maoli.
ʻO ka ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻo ka pyrolysis, kahi e ʻoki ʻia ai ka plastic a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mahana haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohiolo ka wela i nā polymers plastik i loko o nā hydrocarbons liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hana ʻia i wahie diesel a me nā petrochemical ʻē aʻe, me nā plastik hou.
Aia i kēia manawa he ʻehiku mau mea kanu pyrolysis liʻiliʻi e hana ana ma US, aia kekahi o ia mau mea i ka manawa hōʻike, a ke hoʻonui nei ka ʻenehana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me ka wehe ʻana o nā hale ma ʻEulopa, Kina, India, Indonesia a me Philippines. Ua manaʻo ka American Council on Chemistry e hiki ke wehe ʻia nā mea kanu pyrolysis 600 i ka US, e hana ana i 30 tons plastic i kēlā me kēia lā, no ka huina o 6,5 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki - ma lalo o hoʻokahi hapalima o ka 34,5 miliona tons. ʻo ka ʻōpala plastik i hana ʻia e ka ʻāina i kēia manawa.
Hiki i ka ʻenehana Pyrolysis ke mālama i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻeke a me nā mea hana multi-layer ʻaʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o nā ʻenehana hoʻoponopono mechanical ke mālama. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopuka i nā mea haumia ʻino ʻē aʻe ma kahi liʻiliʻi o ka carbon dioxide.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, wehewehe ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka pyrolysis ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana kumukūʻai a ʻoi ʻole. I kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana i ka diesel mai nā wahie fossil ma mua o ka ʻōpala palaka.
Akā, ʻo ia ka ikehu hou?
He waiwai hou anei ka wahie plastic? I ka European Union, ʻo ka ʻōpala hale biogenic wale nō i manaʻo ʻia he mea hou. Ma US, 16 mau mokuʻāina e noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻōpala paʻa kūloko, me ka plastic, he kumu ikehu hou. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia ka plastic ma ke ʻano like me ka lāʻau, ka pepa a i ʻole ka pulupulu. ʻAʻole ulu ka plastik mai ka lā: hana mākou ia mai nā wahie mōʻalihaʻi i lawe ʻia mai ka honua, a hiki i kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana ke alakaʻi i ka pollution.
"Ke unuhi ʻoe i nā wahie fossil mai ka honua, e hana i nā plastics mai loko mai o ia mau mea, a laila e puhi i kēlā mau plastics no ka ikehu, ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole kēia he pōʻai, akā he laina," wahi a Rob Opsomer o ka Ellen MacArthur Foundation, nāna e hāpai. ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai. hoʻohana huahana. Ua hoʻohui ʻo ia: "Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo Pyrolysis he ʻāpana o ka pōʻai pōʻai inā hoʻohana ʻia kāna mau huahana e like me nā kumu waiwai no nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, me nā plastics lōʻihi."
Ke hopohopo nei ka poʻe kākoʻo o ka hui circular no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōpala plastic i ka ikehu e hōʻemi iki i ka noi no nā huahana plastik hou, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. "ʻO ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau ala ʻo ia ka haʻalele ʻana i nā hoʻonā maoli," wahi a Claire Arkin, he lālā o ka Global Alliance for Waste Incineration Alternatives, e hāʻawi ana i nā hoʻonā e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastik liʻiliʻi, ka hoʻohana hou ʻana, a me ka hana hou.