ʻO nā māmā (mai ka Latin pulmo, -onis) nā hale o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, aia ma loko o ka iwi ʻaoʻao.

wahi. ʻElua i ka helu, aia nā mumū i ka pūpū, ʻoi aku ma loko o ka pā umauma kahi e noho ai ka hapa nui o ia mea. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māmā ʻelua, ʻākau a hema, e ka mediastinum, aia ma waenakonu a haku ʻia i ka puʻuwai (1) (2).

ʻO ka lua Pleural. Hoʻopuni ʻia kēlā me kēia māmā e ka lua pleura (3), i hana ʻia mai nā membrane ʻelua:

• kahi papa o loko, e pili ana me ka akemāmā, i kapa ʻia ka pulmonary pleura;
• kahi papa waho, i ka pilina me ka paia o ka pahu, i kapa ʻia ʻo pleura parietal.

Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia lua i kahi wai serous, ka transudate, e ʻae ana i ka māmā e heʻe. Kōkua pū ka hoʻonohonoho i ka mālama ʻana i ka akemāmā a pale iā ia mai ka iho ʻana.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā holoʻokoʻa o nā māmā. Hoʻopili ʻia ka akau a me ka hema hema e ka bronchi a me ka trachea.

• Trachea. ʻO ka trachea, ke ea hanu e hele mai ana mai ka larynx, hele ma waena o nā māmā ʻelua ma ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao luna a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau bronchi ʻākau a hema.
• ʻO Bronchi. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā me kēia bronchus i ka pae o ka māmā. Ma loko o ka māmā, hoʻokaʻawale ka bronchi i mau hale liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi a hiki i nā bronchioles maʻi.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka Pyramidal, he mau helehelena ko nā māmā:

• He helehelena kūwaho, pili pono i ka gral costal;
• He helehelena kūloko, kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka bronchi a holo nā kīʻaha koko;
• Kumu, kau ana ma ka diaphragm.

Hana ʻia nā māmā me nā lobes, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā māwae: ʻelua no ka māmā hema a ʻekolu no ka akau māmā (2).

ʻO Lobeʻano. Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻula a hana e like me ka mumū liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou nā lālā o ka bronchi a me nā aʻa aʻa a me nā uaua. ʻO nā hopena o ka bronchi, i kapa ʻia ʻo bronchioles terminal, hana i kahi ʻeke: ka acinus. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hope i kekahi mau dents: ka alveoli pulmonary. He paia lahilahi ko ka acinus i ka pilina me ka ea e hele mai ana mai nā bronchioles a me ka pūnaewele i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā moku capillary pulmonary (2).

Vascularization pālua. Loaʻa nā māmā i kahi vascularization pālua:

• kahi vascularization hana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pūnaewele o nā aʻa aʻa a me nā uaua, e hiki ai ke oxygenate i ke koko;
• kahi vascularization nutritive i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā aʻa bronchial a me nā uaua, e hiki ai ke hoʻolako i nā mea pono no ka hana kūpono o nā māmā (2).

He mea nui ka nā māmā i ka hanu ʻana a me ka oxygenating i ke koko.

Pneumothorax. Kūlike kēia pathology i kahi komo hewa o ka ea i loko o ka lua pleura, ka hakahaka ma waena o nā mumū a me ka iwi ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike ia e like me ka ʻeha o ka umauma koʻikoʻi, pili i kekahi manawa me ka paʻakikī hanu (3).

Ponaumonia. ʻO kēia ʻano he maʻi hanu huʻihuʻi e hoʻopili pono i nā māmā. Hoʻopili ʻia ka alveoli a piha i ka pā a me ka wai, e hoʻomaka ana i nā pilikia hanu. Hiki ke kumu ʻia ka maʻi maʻi e nā bacteria, nā mea hoʻomaʻi a i ʻole fungi (4).

TB. Kūlike kēia maʻi i kahi maʻi bacteria i loaʻa pinepine i nā akemāmā. ʻO nā ʻōuli he kūmau mau ia me ka hoʻokahe koko, nā fiva ikaika me ka hou o ka pō, a me ka pohō kaumaha (5).

Bronchitis huehue. Loaʻa kēia maʻi pilikino i kahi maʻi, viral pinepine, i ka bronchi. ʻO ka pinepine i ka hoʻoilo, he kumu ia no ka ʻū a me ke kuni.

ʻO ka maʻi kano. Hiki ke hoʻomohala i nā hunaola tumo malignant i nā akemāmā a me ka bronchi. ʻO kēia ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai kekahi o nā mea maʻamau o ka honua (6).

ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka maʻi maʻi i hōʻike ʻia, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole e like me antibiotics a analgesics paha.

ʻO keʻano maʻamau. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka pathology diagnose, ʻoki kino hiki ke pono.

Ke kaulike. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka hanu, ka hanu, nā akemāmā a me nā ʻōuli i ʻike ʻia e ka mea hoʻomanawanui e hana ʻia i mea e loiloi ai i ka maʻi pilikino.

ʻImi hoʻokolohua kiʻi. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka radiology paru, umauma CT, MRI a i ʻole scintigraphy māmā e hōʻoia i kahi hōʻailona.

Nānā Lapaʻau. I mea e ʻike ai i kekahi mau pathology, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua koko a i ʻole nā ​​ʻimi ʻana o nā huna huna pulmonary, e like me ka cytobacteriological examination of sputum (ECBC).

Ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi kō. ʻO Tuberculosis kahi maʻi pilikino i ʻike ʻia mai ka wā kahiko a ua wehewehe nui ʻia e Hippocrates. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ke kumu pathogen no kēia maʻi a hiki i ka makahiki 1882 e ke kauka Kelemania ʻo Robert Koch. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i kahi koʻohune, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi tubercle bacillus, i kapa ʻia ʻo Koch's bacillus a i ʻole Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5).