ʻO ka ʻāʻī (mai ka Old French col, mai ka Latin collum) ka ʻāpana o ke kino e hoʻopili i ke poʻo i ka thorax.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāʻī i mua e ka ʻāʻī, ma hope o ka ihu o ka ʻāʻī, ma lalo e nā iwi iwi a ma luna aʻe e ka ʻoka.

I ka pae o ka ʻāʻī, keʻa ʻia ka ʻāʻī e nā ʻaoʻao luna o ka ʻōnaehana digestive, ka pharynx a me ka esophagus, a me nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, ka larynx a me ka trachea. ʻEhā mau momona ma ka ʻāʻī.

• ʻO ka thyroid, aia ma ke alo mua o ka trachea, hūnā ia i ʻelua mau homone thyroid e hana ai i ka metabolism.
• ʻO nā parathyroids he mau gland liʻiliʻi aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka thyroid, hūnā lākou i kahi hōmona e hana ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka calcium i loko o ke koko.
• ʻO nā galo salivary i hōʻike ʻia e ka parotid (aia i mua o nā pepeiao) a me ka submandibular (aia ma lalo o ka iwi ā).
• ʻO kaʻiʻo platysma, uhi ia i ka mua o ka ʻāʻī a ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o ka waha a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī.
• ʻO ka mākala sternocleidomastoid, kau ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī ma waena o ka sternum a me ka iwi iwi a me ka iwi maha. Hāʻawi ia i ka flexion, ke kiki ʻana a me ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ke poʻo.

ʻO ka hope, ʻo ka piko o ka ʻāʻī he ʻekiku vertebrae o ka iwi kuamoʻo, i helu ʻia mai C1 a C7. Hāʻawi lākou i ka ikaika a me ka neʻe i ka ʻāʻī. ʻO nā vertebrae ʻelua, i kapa ʻia ʻo atlas (C1) a me axis (C2), he ʻano ʻokoʻa kā lākou mai nā vertebrae ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi kuleana nui i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāʻī. Hoʻolahalaha ke atlas me ka iwi occipital o ke poʻo, e ʻae iā mākou e kuli i ko mākou poʻo i ka ʻae. He pivot kuleana ka axis (C2) e ʻae ai i ke kaʻapuni o ka atlas, a no laila o ke poʻo. ʻO ka articulation ma waena o C1 a me C2 e ʻae i ke poʻo ʻaoʻao e hoʻohuli i hōʻailona o ka hōʻole ʻana.

Nā ʻāʻī ʻāʻī

Uhi ka nui o nāʻiʻo i ka ʻāʻī, pili lākou i ka iwi poʻo, ka iwi poʻo o ka iwi a me nā iwi iwi. ʻAe lākou i ka neʻe ʻana o ke poʻo a no ka hapa nui i ke ʻano o ke kaula. Loaʻa iā mākou ma waena o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe:

Ka lako o ke koko a me nā mea hopohopo

Hāʻalo ʻia ka ʻāʻī i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao e kahi aʻa carotid maʻamau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā carotids kūwaho a me loko, kahi aʻa vertebral a ʻelua mau veins jugular (kūloko a me waho).

Hele nā ​​aʻa he nui ma waena o ka ʻāʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nerve puʻupaʻa (a i ʻole ke nerve pneumogastric, kahi hana i ka digestion a me ka puʻuwai puʻuwai), phrenic (loko o ka diaphragm) a me ka iwi kuamoʻo (ka neʻe a me ka noʻonoʻo o nā lālā) nā aʻa.

ʻO ke kuleana nui o ka ʻāʻī ke kākoʻo a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke poʻo i ke mahalo i kona iwi a me ka ʻiʻo muscle.

Ma muli o nā hanana a pau i loko, loaʻa iā ia kahi kuleana nui i ka digestion, respiration, phonation and metabolism.

Nā maʻi kīnā. Hiki i nā ʻāʻī ʻāʻī ke loaʻa i nā kumu he nui. ʻO lākou, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i:

• ʻO ke kūpikipiki a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa: hoʻolōʻihi i nā mākala i nā poʻohiwi a me hope o ka ʻāʻī i hiki ke lilo i ʻeha. ʻO ka hopena maʻamau ka mālama ʻana i kahi kūlana no nā hola he nui a i ʻole kūlana maikaʻi ʻole.
• Whiplash: kapa ʻia ʻo whiplash (neʻe o ke poʻo i mua, a laila hoʻi i hope). Hiki iā ia ke hana i ka manawa o kahi ulia kaʻa a i ʻole ka hopena ikaika i ka wā e pāʻani ana i kahi haʻuki.
• ʻO Torticollis: ke kuʻi ʻana o ka mākala i kekahi o nā io o ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ka hopena i kahi ʻeha ikaika i ka ʻāʻī a me ka paʻa o nā neʻe. ʻIke ʻia ke kanaka "paʻa".
• ʻO Cerstic osteoarthritis: ka lole a me nā waimaka o ka cartilage ma nā hono o ka iwi āpau. Pili kēia pathology i ka poʻe ma luna o nā makahiki 50 a ke kumu o ka ʻeha, ʻeha poʻo (poʻo poʻo), ʻoʻoleʻa o ka ʻāʻī. He maʻi maʻi mau ia e holo mālie i loko o kekahi mau makahiki.

ʻO ka disc : ʻo ka herniated disc e kūlike i ka protrusion o kahi ʻāpana o kahi disk intervertebral. Hāʻawi kēia mau pāpaʻi i ka maʻalahi i ke kolamu a lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopūʻiwa i ka hopena o ka hopena. Hana ʻia kahi diski herniated ke nāwaliwali kahi diski, nāhae, a haki paha a me ka ʻāpana o ka nucleus gelatinous. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili i nā wahi o ka iwi kuamoʻo. I ka hihia o ka ʻāʻī, ʻōlelo mākou e pili ana i kahi diski cerni herniated.

li nui

Angina: maʻi i ka puʻu, a ʻoi aku kikoʻī i nā tonsil. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ka pharynx holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Angina e kahi virus - ʻo kēia ka hihia maʻamau - a i ʻole e nā bacteria a ʻike ʻia e kahi ʻāʻī ʻehaʻeha.

Laryngitis: ka hoʻohaunaele o ka larynx, keu hoʻi i nā kaula leo. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana a laila lilo i ʻeha. Aia he ʻelua ʻano laryngitis: laryngitis maha a me laryngitis mau, a aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke keiki a me ka laryngitis makua.

Pharyngitis: ka puhū ʻana o ka pharynx, pinepine ma muli o kahi maʻi liʻiliʻi, i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi virus a i ʻole bacteria. Ke hoʻopili ka mumū i nā membrane mucous nasal, kapa ʻia ʻo nasopharyngitis.

Cyst: He lua kahi cyst i loaʻa kahi wai a semi-solid waiwai i hana i loko o kahi meaola a iʻaola. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā cista ʻaʻole maʻi maʻi. I ka ʻāʻī, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka cyst o ka tract thyroglossal (3) (aneane 70% o nā anomalies congenital i kēia wahi). ʻO ke kumu embryonic, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka ulu maʻamau o ka thyroid i nā pule mua o ka hāpai ʻana. Ma 50% o nā hihia kū ia ma mua o ka makahiki o 20. ʻO ka maʻi ka maʻi maʻamau.

Lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes): ʻo ka pinepine, he lymph node kēia i pehu i ka pane ʻana i kahi maʻi, e like me ke anuanu maʻalahi e laʻa. Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā kumu kūpono ʻē aʻe o ka "pehu" i loaʻa i ka ʻāʻī a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī. No laila pono e nīnau aku i kāu kauka i ke kanalua liʻiliʻi i mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke kumu.

Nā pathologies o ka gland thyroid

ʻO Goiter: pili i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka momona thyroid. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi loa i nā wahine. ʻAʻole maʻi ʻo Goiter iā ia iho. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole.

ʻO ka nodule thyroid: ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau no ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui e hana i ka pākana thyroid, no nā kumu i ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa o ka nodule thyroid.

Ka maʻi ʻaʻai thyroid: ʻo ka maʻi ʻaʻai thyroid kahi maʻi ʻaʻai laha ʻole loa. Aia he 4000 mau hihia hou ma Palani i kēlā me kēia makahiki (no 40 mau maʻi ʻaʻai umauma). Pili ia i nā wahine ma 000%. ʻIke pinepine ʻia kēia kanesa i ka wā mua. Maikaʻi loa ka lapaʻau ʻana me kahi hoʻōla ma 75% o nā hihia.

Hypothyroidism: ka hopena o ka lawa ʻole o ka hana hormone e ka thyroid gland. ʻO ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia e kēia ʻano he mau wahine ma hope o 50 mau makahiki.

Hyperthyroidism: pili i kahi hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā hormoni e ka thyroid gland. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hypothyroidism. I ka poʻe me ka hyperthyroidism, hana wikiwiki kā lākou metabolism. Hiki paha iā lākou ke hopohopo, loaʻa i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū pinepine, hoʻoluliluli a lilo i ka paona, no ka laʻana.

Hoʻopili ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī i 10-20% o ka heluna makua. E hōʻoluʻolu a pale i kēia mau pilikia, hiki ke hoʻokomo i kekahi mau hana i kēlā me kēia lā i hiki ke lilo i mau ʻano maʻamau.

No kekahi mau pathologies, e like me laryngitis, hiki i kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ke pale iā ʻoe mai ka maʻi ʻana. No nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi papaʻai momona i ka iodine e pale ai i ka hemahema, kahi mea pilikia no ka nodule thyroid. I kekahi ʻaoʻao, no nā pathologies ʻē aʻe e like me ka maʻi ʻaʻai thyroid a i ʻole goiter, ʻaʻohe ala e pale ai.

Kiʻi olakino:

• Cervical ultrasound: kahi hana kiʻi olakino e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ultrasound, nā hawewe kani hiki ʻole ke lohe ʻia, kahi e hiki ai ke "ʻike" i loko o ke kino. Ninaninau e hōʻoia i ke alo o kahi cyst, no ka laʻana, a i ʻole ka maʻi ʻaʻai thyroid (ana o ka gland, ke kū ʻana o nā nodule, a pēlā aku.).
• Scanner: ʻO kahi ʻenehana kiʻi diagnostic e pili ana i ka "scanning" i kahi ʻāpana i hāʻawi ʻia o ke kino e hana i nā kiʻi ʻāpana ʻāpana e hoʻohana ana i kahi kaola X-ray. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "scanner" ʻo ia ka inoa o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, akā hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻokolokolo. ʻLelo pū mākou e pili ana i ka tomography compute a i ʻole compute tomography. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ka cyst a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o kahi tumo kahi laʻana.
• MRI (kiʻi resonance ʻume mākenēki): ninaninau lāʻau no nā hana diagnostical i hoʻohana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana cylindrical nui kahi e hana ʻia ai kahi māla a me nā nalu uila e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī, i 2D a i ʻole 3D, o nā ʻāpana o ke kino (eia ka ʻāʻī a me kāna ʻāpana kūloko). Hāʻawi ʻo MRI i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o ka iwi ʻiwi, nā ʻalolo a me nā mea a puni. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike pono i kahi trauma i ka iwi kuamoʻo, kahi hernia cervix a i ʻole kahi tumo o ka iwi kuamoʻo e laʻa.

Laryngoscopy: kahi hoʻāʻo i hana ʻia e ke kauka e nānā i ka hope o ka ʻāʻī, ka larynx a me nā kaula leo e hoʻohana ana i kahi endoscope (kahi mea kani lahilahi, e like me ka Tube me kahi kumu kukui a me kahi aniani). Lawe ʻia e ʻimi no kahi laʻana nā kumu o ka ʻeha ma ka ʻāʻī, kahe ʻana o ke kahe a i ʻole ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

Cervicotomy exploratory: ke kōkua lāʻau lapaʻau me ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāʻī i mea e hemo ai kahi cyst a i ʻole kahi lymph node nona ka ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia a no ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi hōʻailona.

ʻIke hoʻowalewale thyroid-stimulate (TSH): ʻO ka hoʻāʻo TSH ka hōʻailona ʻoi loa no ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻi thyroid. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hōʻoia i ka hypo- a i ʻole ka hyperthyroidism, e nānā ai i ka maʻi thyroid a i ʻole hana ʻia i ka poʻe me ka goiter.

ʻO ke anahulu Parathyroid (PTH) mahele: ʻO ka hormone Parathyroid (hūnā ʻia e nā gland parathyroid) he mea nui i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka calcium i loko o ke kino. Paipai ʻia kahi ana ma ka hihia o hypercalcemia (kiʻekiʻe loa o ka puna i loko o ke koko a i ʻole nā ​​pōhaku hakuʻala e laʻa me.

ʻO ke "keiki kāne giraffe" (7) kahi inoa i kapa ʻia ai kahi keikikāne Kina nona 15 mau makahiki, nona ka hahau lōʻihi loa ma ka honua me 10 vert cerebral vertebrae ma kahi o 7. ʻO kēia ka hopena o kahi malformation e kumu ai i nā keiki kāne ʻeha a ke hele wāwae paʻakikī (kaomi ʻana o nā ʻalolo i ka ʻāʻī).

ʻO ka giraffe, me kona ʻāʻī lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka mammal ʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa. Hiki ke kiʻi i 5,30 m no nā kāne a me 4,30 m no nā wahine, aia i kahi giraffe ka helu like o ka iwi ʻeha o ka ʻeha o ke kino e like me nā māmela, ʻo ia hoʻi he 7, e ana ana ma kahi o 40 cm i kēlā me kēia (8).