ʻO ka haumāna (mai ka Lūkini pupilla) ka orifice poepoe ʻeleʻele, aia ma ka pae maka i waenakonu o ka iris.

Kūlana. ʻO ka haumāna ka puka waena o ka iris, a ʻae i ka mālamalama e komo i ka maka. Ma ka pae o ke kinipōpō, aia ka haumāna a me nā iris ma waena o nā aniani, ma ke kua, a me ke kōkō, ma mua. (1)

Hoʻolālā. Hana ʻia ka iris i mau papa o nā hunaola i hana ʻia i ʻelua mauʻiʻo (1):

• ʻo ka mākala sphincter o ka haumāna, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ai ke anawaena o ka haumāna. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia e nā olonā nerve parasympathetic, ke komo nei i ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana autonomic.
• ka mākala dilator o ka haumāna, ʻo ka contraction e hoʻonui ai i ke anawaena o ka haumāna. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia e nā olonā nerve aloha, ke komo nei i ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana autonomic.

Myosis / Mydriase. ʻO Miosis ka ʻikiʻī o ka haumāna ʻoiai ʻo mydriasis ka pā o ka haumāna.

Ka hana o ka nui o ke kukui. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mākala iris e ana i ke komo ʻana o ka mālamalama i ka maka (1):

• Hoʻoemi ʻia ke komo māmā ke ʻaelike ka mākala sphincter o ka haumāna. ʻO kēia ka hihia ke nānā aku ka maka i ka nui o ke kukui a i ʻole ke haka pono nei i kahi mea kokoke.
• Hoʻonui ʻia ke komo māmā ke ʻaelike ka mākala dilator o ka haumāna. ʻO kēia ka hihia ke kū nei ka maka i kahi komo kukui nāwaliwali a i ʻole ke nānā ʻana i kahi mea mamao.

Kāleka. Kūlike kēia pathology i ka hoʻololi o nā aniani, aia ma ka hope o ka haumāna. Hōʻike ia ma ke ʻano he nalowale o ka maka, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka makapō. ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā aniani i ka loli o ke kala o ka haumāna, i maopopo a keʻokeʻo ma kahi o ʻeleʻele.

ʻO kā Adie haumana. ʻO kēia pathology, ke kumu o ka ʻike ʻole ʻia, hopena i kahi hoʻololi o ka innerness parasympathetic o ka haumāna. (2)

ʻO Claude Bernard-Horner Syndrome. Kūlike kēia pathology i ka holo pono ʻole o ka ʻaoʻao aloha a me nā appendages o ka maka. Hiki i nā kumu o kēia maʻi ke hōʻino i ka ʻōnaehana makaʻu i ka midbrain, spinal cord a i ʻole dissection o kahi carotid artery. (2)

ʻO ka maʻi palaka Oculomotor. ʻO ke kolu o ke aʻalolo cranial, nerve III, a i ʻole oculomotor nerve ke kuleana o ka loko o kahi nui o nā mākala ocular a me nā extraocular me ke ʻano o ka internal parasympathetic o ka mākala sphincter o ka haumāna. Hiki i ka paralysis o kēia nerve ke hoʻopili i ka hihiʻo. (2)

Glaucoma. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi maka e ka hōʻino ʻana i ke aʻalolo optic. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili i ka hihiʻo.

ʻO Presbyopia. Pili i ka makahiki, kūlike ia i ka nalo holomua o ka maka o ka maka e hiki ai. Loaʻa ia no ka nalo ʻana o ka lahilahi o nā aniani.

Lāʻau lapaʻau. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka pathology, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole, me nā kulu maka (nā kulu maka). (3)

Hōʻailona hōʻailona. No kekahi mau pathologies, ke kau ʻana i nā aniani, i nā aniani ʻokoʻa, i kuhikuhi ʻia. (4)

Lapaʻau ʻoki kino. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka pathology, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi hana ʻoki e like me, no ka laʻana, ka unuhi ʻana o ka maka aniani a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o kahi aniani hana i kekahi mau hihia o ka cataract.

Ninaninau kino. Mālama ʻōnaehana ʻia ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka hana pupillary i ka wā o ka loiloi ophthalmological (e laʻa: fundus). ʻAe ʻia e hāʻawi i ka ʻike he nui.

ʻImi lāʻau. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau me nā apraclonidine kikoʻī, a i ʻole pilocarpine hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia e ʻike ai i kahi hoʻololi i ka hopena o ka pupillary. (3)

ʻImi hoʻokolohua kiʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka MRI, angiography resonance magnetic, tomography i helu ʻia a i ʻole pupillography e hoʻopau i ke kuhi.

ʻO ka helehelena o nā maka ʻulaʻula i kahi kiʻi paʻi e pili ana i ka choroid, kekahi o nā membrane o ka ʻume maka, ka mea waiwai i nā kīʻaha koko. Ke kiʻi ʻia kahi kiʻi, hoʻomālamalama iki ka maka i nā maka. No laila ʻaʻohe manawa o ka haumāna e hoʻi i hope a hōʻike i ka choroid ʻulaʻula. (1)