ʻO ka Truffle

Description

ʻO Truffle (Tuber) ka mushroom pipiʻi nui loa ma ka honua, kahi mea ʻono a ʻono hoʻi me ka ʻono ʻokoʻa a me ka ʻala kikoʻī ikaika. Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka mushroom ma muli o ke ʻano like o kona kino hua me nā ʻūala potato a i ʻole nā ​​ʻone (ʻo ka huaʻōlelo Latina terrae tuber e kūlike i ka manaʻo o "cones earthen").

ʻO ka truffle Mushroom no ka ʻāpana o nā ascomycetes, ka mahele o Pezizomycotina, ka papa o ka pec, ke kaʻina o ka pec, ka ʻohana truffle, ke ʻano o ka truffle.

Mushroom truffle: wehewehe a me nā ʻano. Pehea ke ʻano o ka truffle?

I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi mushroom truffle ma mua o kahi nut, akā hiki i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ke ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi kōpala uala nui a kaupaona ma mua o 1 kilogram.

ʻO ke truffle iho ke nānā aku e like me kaʻuala. ʻO ka papa waho (peridium) e uhi ana i ka fungus hiki ke loaʻa i kahi ʻoluʻolu a i ʻole nā ​​māwae lehulehu, a hiki ke uhi ʻia me nā warts multifaceted ʻano.

ʻO ka ʻāpana kea o ka haki kahi ʻano pākana marble ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e ka alternation o ka māmā o nā "veins o loko" a me "nā veins o waho" o kahi malu ʻeleʻele, kahi e loaʻa ai nā ʻeke spore, kahi i loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole.

Aia ke kala o ka truffle pulp i ka laha: hiki ke keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele, kokoleka, hina.

Nā ʻano truffles, nā inoa a me nā kiʻi

ʻO ka genus o nā truffles ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau laha o ka mauʻu, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me kā lākou hui olaola a me ka honua a me nā ʻōlelo o ka gastronomic waiwai (ʻeleʻele, keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula).

ʻO nā truffles kaulana loa:

Truffle kauwela ʻeleʻele (Lūkini truffle) (Tuber aestivum)

Ua hōʻea i 10 knm ke anawaena a kaupaona 400 gram. Hōʻike nā hoʻololi e pili ana i ka makahiki i ka ʻiʻo o ka truffle i kahi loli kala mai nā leo keʻokeʻo i nā melemele-ʻeleʻele a me nā hina hina. Hoʻololi pū ʻia ke kūlike ʻole mai ka momona o nā kamalā ʻōpio a wehe i nā mea kahiko. He ʻono momona momona ko Lūkia truffle a me kahi ʻala algae lahilahi.

Ke ulu nei kēia ʻano truffle ma Transcaucasia a me Crimea, ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia a me ʻEulopa. Loaʻa ia ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau e like me ka ʻoka, pine, hazel. ʻO ka hua ʻana mai Iune a i mua o ʻOkakopa.

ʻO Black Autumn Burgundy Truffle (Tuber mesentericum)

Poepoe ke ʻano o ka mushroom a kaupaona ʻia a 320 g, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ka 8 cm ka nui. ʻO ka pulp o kahi truffle oʻo ke kala o ka kokoleka waiū, i komo ʻia me nā uaua keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka ʻaʻala o ka truffle kahi malu o ka cocoa, he ʻawaʻawa ka ʻono.

Truffle hoʻoilo ʻeleʻele (Tuber brumale)

Hiki i ke kinona o nā kino hua ke ʻano he spherical kūlike ʻole a ʻaneʻane poepoe. Hoʻololi ka nui o ka truffle mai 8 a 15-20 cm, a hiki ke kaumaha i 1.5 kg. ʻO ka ʻulaʻula-viole o ka fungus i uhi ʻia me nā warts polygonal. Me ka makahiki, ʻeleʻele ke kala o ka peridium, a lilo kaʻiʻo keʻokeʻo i hina-poni. He ʻoluʻolu ka truffle hoʻoilo, i haʻi ʻia i ka ʻala musky.

Ulu kēia ʻano truffle mai Nowemapa a Ianuali-Pepeluali ma nā lepo momona ma lalo o ka hazel a me ka linden. Hiki ke loaʻa ma Palani, ʻItalia, Kuikilana a me our country.

Black Perigord (Palani) Truffle (Tuber melanosporum)

Kūleʻa a hoʻopuni ʻia paha nā hua, a hiki i 9 cm i ka ʻāpana. ʻO ka papa o ka fungus i uhi ʻia me nā warts ʻehā a hexagonal paha, hoʻololi i kona kala mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka lānahu ʻeleʻele me ka makahiki. ʻO ka ʻiʻo māmā o kahi truffle i kekahi manawa me ka poni ʻalani e lilo i ʻeleʻele a i ʻeleʻele-poni i kona mau makahiki.

ʻO ka hua ʻana mai Kēkēmapa a i ka hopena o Malaki. Ua mahi ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me Crimea, Australia, New Zealand, Kina, ʻApelika Hema. Ma waena o nā truffle ʻeleʻele, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano he waiwai nui loa; ua kapa ʻia ia he "daimana ʻeleʻele". He ʻala ikaika kona a me ka ʻono ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka inoa o ka mushroom mai ka inoa o ka ʻāina ʻo Perigord ma Palani.

ʻO Black Himalayan Truffle (Tuber himalayensis)

ʻO kahi mushroom me nā kino hua liʻiliʻi a kaupaona a 50 g. Ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi, paʻakikī kēia truffle e loaʻa.

White Piedmont (ʻItalia) Truffle (Tuber magnatum)

Loaʻa i nā kino nā hua tuberous i kūlike ʻole a hiki i ka 12 cm ke anawaena. ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ke kaupaona o kahi truffle ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 g, akā hiki ke kau ʻia nā mea maʻamau i 1 kilokilo. Peremium melemele ʻulaʻula a brownish paha i ke kala. He keʻokeʻo a momona paha ka pulp, i kekahi manawa me ka ʻulaʻula iki.

ʻO ka truffle Piedmont ka waiwai nui loa o nā truffle keʻokeʻo a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mushroom pipiʻi loa ma ka honua. ʻIno maikaʻi ka truffle Italia a hoʻomanaʻo ka ʻala i ka tī a me ka kālika. Ulu kahi mushroom ma ka ʻākau o ʻItalia.

White Oregon (ʻAmelika) truffle (Tuber oregonense)

Hiki i ka fungus ka 5-7 cm i ke anawaena a kaupaona ʻia a 250 g. Ulu ia ma ke kai komohana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka maʻa mau i loaʻa i ka papa luna o ka lepo, i pili o nā nila kuʻi. No kēia kumu, he pua a me nā mea kanu ka mea ʻala o truffle.

Truffle ʻulaʻula (Tuber rufum)

He ʻala lau niu me ka ʻala waina. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā momona i 4 cm, a ʻo ke kaupaona he 80 g. Pulehu ka pulp. Ulu nui ia i loko o ʻEulopa i nā nāhelehele deciduous a me coniferous. ʻO ka manawa hua mai Sepatemaba a Ianuali.

Truffle ʻulaʻula uila (Tuber nitidum)

ʻO kēia truffle kahi ʻona waina-pear-niu niu ʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā kino hua i 3 cm ke anawaena a kaupaona a 45 g. Ulu i nā nāhelehele deciduous a me coniferous. ʻO ka manawa hua mai Mei a ʻAukake (i kekahi manawa, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, hua ka hua mai ʻApelila a Kepakemapa).

ʻO Autumn Truffle (Burgundy) (Tuber uncinatum)

ʻO kekahi ʻano truffle ʻeleʻele Palani. Nui ka ulu ʻana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o Palani, ʻike ʻia ia ma ʻItalia, kākaʻikahi loa ma UK. He mea ʻala hazelnut ʻoluʻolu loa ka mushroom me kahi nota "kokoleka" māmā, waiwai nui ʻia e nā gourmets no kāna mau hiʻohiʻona gastronomic maikaʻi loa a me ke kumukūʻai "kumu kūʻai" i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano truffle ʻē aʻe: aia ke kumukūʻai o ka truffle i loko o 600 euro no 1 kilo .

Ke oʻo nei kēia ʻano truffle i ka mahina ʻo Iune-ʻOkakopa, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā kūlana o ka wā. ʻOi aku ka momona o ka pulp o ka mushroom, a ʻaʻole e loli ke kūlike ʻole i loko o ka wā holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, he hina hina kona ʻano me ka hoʻopili pinepine ʻia me nā uaua māmā "marble".

Pākē (ʻĀkia) Truffle (Tuber sinensis, ʻōpala ʻōpala)

ʻOiai ʻo kona inoa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka mushroom mua o kēia ʻano ma Kina, akā ma nā ululāʻau Himalayan, a hoʻokahi kenekulia wale nō i hala, ua loaʻa ka truffle Asia ma Kina.

Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻono a me ka ikaika o ka ʻaʻala, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia mushroom i kona kaikunāne - ka truffle French ʻeleʻele, eia nō naʻe, pili pono ia no nā mea aloha o ia ʻano mea ʻono. ʻEleʻele ka ʻiʻo o ka hake, ʻeleʻele i kekahi manawa, me nā kaha he nui o ka hue keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.

ʻAʻole ulu wale ka truffle Kina ma ka ʻāina Kina: loaʻa ia ma India, ma nā ululāʻau o Korea, a i ka hāʻule o 2015, ua loaʻa i kekahi o nā kamaʻāina o ke kūlanakauhale Lūkini ʻo Ussuriisk kahi truffle ma kāna wahi ponoʻī, i kahi māla ma lalo o kahi lāʻau ʻoka ʻōpio.

Ma hea a pehea e ulu ai nā truffles?

Ulu nā lūlū truffle ma lalo o ka honua i nā hui liʻiliʻi, aia ma kahi o 3 a 7 mau kino hua, i paʻa mau a ʻiʻo paha.

ʻO ka mahele o ka truffles ka mea nui loa: ʻohi ʻia kēia mea ʻono ma nā ululāʻau deciduous a coniferous o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika.

ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka mycelium o ka truffle Piedmontese, e ulu nei ma ka ʻākau o ʻItalia, e hana i kahi symbiosis me nā aʻa o ka birch, poplar, elm a me linden, a me nā kino hua o ka Trigle Perigord ʻeleʻele hiki ke loaʻa ma Sepania, Kuikilana a me ka hema. ʻo Palani i loko o nā ululāʻau e ulu ana i ka lāʻau ʻoka, hornbeam a i ʻole beech.

Makemake ke kauwela ʻeleʻele i nā ululāʻau a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau palu a me nā lepo calcareous o Central Europe, Scandinavia, ke kahakai kai ʻEleʻele o Caucasus, our country, a me kekahi mau wahi o Central Asia.

ʻAʻole ulu ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo ma nā ulu ulu o Kuikilana a me Palani wale nō, akā i nā ululāʻau mauna o ka Crimea. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kino hua o ka keʻokeʻo Moroccan truffle i loko o nā ululāʻau ma ke kahakai o ke Kaiwaenahonua a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau. Ulu kēia mushroom truffle kokoke i nā aʻa o ka kedera, ʻoka a me ka paina.

Ma hea e ulu ai nā truffles ma Lūkia?

Ke ulu nei nā truffle kauwela (truffle Lūkini ʻeleʻele) i Lūkia. Loaʻa lākou iā ia ma Caucasus, ma ke kahakai kaiʻeleʻele, ma ka Crimea i nā ulu lāʻau deciduous a hui pū. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e nānā no lākou ma lalo o nā aʻa o ka hornbeam, beech, ʻoka. He kakaikahi lākou i nā ulu lāʻau coniferous.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā truffles hoʻoilo ma Crimea. Ulu kēia mushroom mai Nowemapa a Pepeluali-Malaki.

ʻO nā truffle keʻokeʻo (truffles gula), kahi ʻano laha loa, ulu pū nō hoʻi ma Rūsia. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma nā moku ʻo Vladimir, Oryol, Kuibyshev, Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk a me Samara. Ke ulu nei nō hoʻi nā truffle keʻokeʻo ma nā panalāʻau o ka moku ʻo Moscow (ma ka moku ʻo Moscow) a me ka moku ʻo Leningrad.

Ke ulu nei i nā truffles ma ka home

Nīnau ka poʻe he nui i ka nīnau inā hiki ke ulu i nā truffle ma o lākou iho, pehea e ulu ai kēia mushroom a he aha nā kūlana no ka ulu ʻana o nā truffle. I ke kūlohelohe, hoʻolaha ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia mau ʻalalā i ka poʻe noho o ka nahele i ʻike i kahi mushroom pala a ʻai ʻia.

ʻO nā spores o nā truffles, me nā mea fecal i hemo ʻia mai ke kino o ka holoholona, ​​e komo i ke aʻa o ka lāʻau a hana i kahi symbiosis me ia. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa a me ka PRC, hoʻolaha ʻia ka mahi ʻimi hoʻopunipuni o nā truffles ʻeleʻele no nā makahiki he nui. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hāʻawi nā truffle keʻokeʻo iā lākou iho i ka mahi ʻana.

Pono ka hānau ʻana truffle kūleʻa i kekahi mau mea i kūlike: nā kūlana anilā maikaʻi, ka lepo kūpono a me nā kumulāʻau kūpono. I kēia lā, e hana i nā māla truffle, kanu ʻia nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka i hana ʻia e ke kanaka mai nā ʻākala a ka lāʻau i loaʻa ai ka mūhū.

ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe e hoʻopili i nā aʻa seedling me ka mycelium truffle i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. ʻO ka mahi ʻana i nā truffles kahi hana lōʻihi a pipiʻi hoʻi, no laila ʻokoʻa iki ke kumukūʻai o kahi truffle ulu home mai ke kumu kūʻai o kahi truffle kūlohelohe, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻono o nā fungus.

Pehea e loaʻa ai nā truffles? Nā holoholona e ʻimi no nā huaalalā

ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā truffles: nā mea aloha i ka "ʻimi hāmau" e hoʻohana i nā hana he nui a me nā subtleties e hoʻi i ka home me ka mea i makemake ʻia. ʻO kahi e ʻike ai ʻoe i nā truffles ka mea maʻa mau e kahi mau mea kanu ʻaʻa, he kala hina hina ka honua.

ʻAʻohe hele iki ka fungus i ka papa o ka lepo, pinepine ʻo ia e peʻe i ka lepo, akā pono ʻoe e nānā i nā puʻu: inā ʻoe he "truffle" kēia wahi, mai moloā e ʻeli i kekahi mau puʻu - hiki paha iā ʻoe ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kahi ʻohana momona momona.

ʻO nā mea ʻohi mushroom ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻoiai e ʻimi nei i nā truffle hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka "dislocation" o nā champignons ma ke kī maʻalahi ʻana i ka honua me kahi lāʻau, akā he ʻike kēia i loaʻa i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO ka pinepine, ke hoʻopuni nei nā midges ma luna o nā truffle makua, hiki ke kōkua pū i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea ʻai nahele.

ʻO ka truffle Mushroom kahi kumu o ka pilau loa, a inā hiki ʻole i ke kanaka ke hopu iā ia ma lalo o kahi papa o ka lepo, a laila ʻike ka holoholona i kahi mamao. Aia ma kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia, ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā ʻia nā holoholona e ʻimi no nā truffles: nā ʻīlio a me nā puaʻa hoʻi.

Kupanaha, hiki i ka puaʻa ke honi i ka truffle ma kahi mamao o 20-25 mau mika. A laila hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻeli ikaika i ka mea ʻono, no laila ʻo ka hana nui a ka mea ʻohi mushroom e hoʻowalewale i ka holoholona ke "kū i luna" ka mushroom.

No nā ʻīlio, ʻaʻole hoihoi loa ka truffle iā ia iho e pili ana i ka meaʻai, akā, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia mau ʻimi ʻehā ʻehā no ka manawa lōʻihi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou e pilau i ka truffle.

Ma ke ala, hiki i kahi ʻīlio ʻohi mushroom maikaʻi i kēia lā ke uku ʻia ma mua o 5,000 euro.

Nā waiwai kūpono o truffles

ʻO nā ʻano culinary kūikawā o nā truffles i ʻike lōʻihi ʻia. Kūpono lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā pai, nā mea ʻono a me nā hoʻopiha pie, a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā mea moa a me nā meaʻai kai. I kekahi manawa hiki ke lawelawe ʻia iā lākou ma ke ʻano he kīʻaha kaʻawale. Hiki ke ʻohi ʻia nā truffles no ka hoʻohana ʻia e ka wā anuanu a i ʻole ke kō ʻana i ka koina kiʻekiʻe.

Loaʻa i ka truffle nā ​​protein proteins, nā huehue, nā wikamina o ka hui B, PP a me C, nā minelala like ʻole, nā antioxidant, nā pheromones, ka mea e kōkua ai e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana naʻau o ke kanaka, a me kahi nui o nā fiber.

Maikaʻi ka wai truffle no kekahi mau maʻi o ka maka, a ʻo ka pulp o ka lau e lawe mai i ke kōkua i ka poʻe e loaʻa ana i ka maʻi gout. ʻAʻohe contraindications kūikawā no ka ʻai ʻana i kēia ʻulā, ʻo ke kumu nui ka hou o ka momona a me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hopena āpau i ka penicillin i ke kanaka.

5 Nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i truffle

1. Manaʻo ʻia nā truffle pala i loko o ka anandamide, kahi mea hana ma ka ʻōnaehana ʻōiwi kanaka e like me ka pakalōlō.
2. Alualu ʻia nā truffles i ka pō ma muli o ka mea i ka lewa anuanu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻīlio ʻimi a puaʻa paha i ke ʻala o nā huaalalā.
3. Ma mua ma Italia, ua komo pū kekahi mau puaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻimi a me ka hōʻiliʻili o nā truffles. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e luku wale i ka papa o ka lepo o luna, akā e hakakā pū e ʻai i ka mea pio, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou e nā ʻīlio.
4. I Lūkia, ma mua o ka 1917 kipi, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā bea e ʻimi no nā truffles ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ko lākou mau niho.
5. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Truffle i kahi aphrodisiac mana.