ʻO ka oncogene he gene cellular nona ka manaʻo e hāpai i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi kanesa. He aha nā ʻano oncogenes? Ma ke ʻano hana hea lākou e hoʻāla ai? Nā wehewehe.

ʻO ka oncogene (mai ka Greek onkos, tumor a me genos, hānau) i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo proto-oncogene (c-onc) he ʻano nona ka manaʻo e hāʻawi i kahi phenotype cancerous ma kahi cell eukaryotic maʻamau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka oncogenes e hoʻomalu i ka synthesis o nā protein e hoʻoulu ai i ka mahele cell (i kapa ʻia ʻo oncoproteins) a i ʻole ke kāohi i ka make cell programmed (a i ʻole apoptosis). ʻO nā oncogenes ke kuleana no ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻia o ka cell proliferation predisposing i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi kanesa.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā oncogenes i 6 mau papa e pili ana i nā oncoproteins a lākou e hoʻopili ai:

• mea ulu. Laʻana: ka proto-oncogene encoding protein o ka ʻohana FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor);
• nā mea e loaʻa ai ka mea ulu transmembrane. Laʻana: ka proto-oncogene erb B e hoʻopaʻa inoa no ka EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor);
• ʻO G-proteins a i ʻole nā ​​protein membrane e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka GTP. Laʻana: proto-oncogenes o ka ʻohana ras;
• membrane tyrosine protein kinases;
• membrane kinases protein;
• nā pūmua me ka hana nuklea.Laʻana: proto-oncogenes erb A, phos, Iune et c-myc.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o ke kelepona e ka pōʻaiapili paʻa pūnaewele. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hope e kahi pūʻulu hanana e hoʻopuka ana i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine mai kahi cell makuahine. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou mahele pūnaewele a i ʻole “mitosis”.

Pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pōʻaiapili kelepona. ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā ʻaʻole lawa ka māhele cell, ʻaʻole hana maikaʻi ke kino; ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, inā he nui ka māhele cell, hoʻonui ʻia nā cell me ka ʻole e hoʻopaʻa ʻia, kahi e hoʻoikaika ai i ke ʻano o nā pūnaewele maʻi maʻi.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻoponopono o ka pōʻai cell e nā genes i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana:

• nā anti-oncogenes e kāohi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kelepona ma o ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka pōʻai cell;
• proto-oncogenes (c-onc) a i ʻole oncogenes e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kelepona ma o ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka pōʻai cell.

Inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ka pōʻaiapuni kelepona i kahi kaʻa, ʻo nā anti-oncogenes nā brakes a ʻo nā proto-oncogenes nā mea hoʻokele o ka hope.

Ka helehelena o ka ma'i ma'i ma'i mai ka mutation inactivating anti-oncogenes a i 'ole mai ka mutation activating proto-oncogenes (ai ole oncogenes).

ʻO ka nalowale o ka hana o nā anti-oncogenes e pale iā lākou mai ka hoʻokō ʻana i kā lākou cell proliferation inhibitory hana. ʻO ka pale ʻana i nā anti-oncogenes ka puka i wehe ʻia i ka ʻāpana cell uncontrolled e hiki ke alakaʻi i ke ʻano o nā cell malignant.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā anti-oncogenes nā genes cellular, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia lākou ma ke ʻano pālua ma nā ʻelua o nā chromosomes e lawe ana iā lākou i loko o ka nucleus o ke kelepona. No laila, inā ʻaʻole hana kekahi kope o ka anti-oncogene, hiki i ka mea ʻē aʻe ke hana ma ke ʻano he pale i pale ʻia ke kumuhana mai ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā cell a me ka pilikia o nā maʻi koko. ʻO kēia ka hihia, no ka laʻana, o ka BRCA1 gene, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka maʻi maʻi umauma. Akā inā he hana ke kope ʻelua o kēia gene, mālama ʻia ka mea maʻi ʻoiai ʻo ia ka predisposed ma muli o ke kope mua hemahema. Ma ke ʻano he predisposition, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka preventive double mastectomy.

ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mutation hoʻāla e pili ana i nā proto-oncogenes e hoʻokūpaʻa i kā lākou hopena hoʻoulu i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā cell. ʻO kēia anarchic cell proliferation predisposes i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi.

E like me nā anti-oncogenes, ʻo ka pro-oncogenes nā genes cellular, aia ma ke ʻano pālua ma nā ʻelua o nā chromosomes e lawe iā lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole like me nā anti-oncongens, lawa ka hele ʻana o kahi pro-oncogene mutated hoʻokahi e hana i nā hopena makaʻu (i kēia hihia, hoʻonui ʻia nā cell). ʻO ka mea maʻi e lawe nei i kēia hoʻololi ʻana, no laila, pilikia ia i ka maʻi kanesa.

Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka oncogenes, hoʻoilina a i ʻole nā ​​mutagens (nā kemika, nā kukui UV, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

Aia kekahi mau hana i ke kumu o ka ho'āla ʻana i nā mutations o ka oncogenes a i ʻole pro-oncogenes (c-onc):

• hoʻohui viral: hoʻokomo ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi DNA ma ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi gene hoʻoponopono. ʻO kēia ka laʻana o ka maʻi papillomavirus kanaka (HPV), ka mea i lawe ʻia ma ka moekolohe;
• ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kiko ma ke kaʻina o ka gene e hoʻopili ana i kahi protein;
• ka holoi ʻana: ka nalowale ʻana o kahi ʻāpana DNA nui a liʻiliʻi paha, ke kumu o ka mutation genetic;
• hoʻonohonoho hou: hoʻololi chromosomal (translocation, inversion) e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi gene hybrid e hoʻopili ana i kahi protein hana ʻole;
• hoʻonui: ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā kope o ka gene i loko o ke kelepona. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia hoʻonui i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike ʻana o kahi gene;
• ka deregulation o ka hōʻike ʻana o kahi RNA: ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā genes mai ko lākou wahi molekala maʻamau a waiho ʻia ma lalo o ka mana kūpono ʻole o nā kaʻina ʻē aʻe e hoʻololi ai i kā lākou ʻōlelo.

Hoʻopili nā Genes i nā mea ulu a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokipa:

• PDGF: hoʻopaʻa inoa i ka mea ulu platelet e pili ana me ka glioma (he maʻi maʻi o ka lolo);
  Erb-B: hoʻopili i ka epidermal growth factor receptor. Pili me ka glioblastoma (he ma'i 'a'ai o ka lolo) a me ka ma'i 'a'ai umauma;
• Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Erb-B2 ʻo HER-2 a i ʻole neu: hoʻopili i kahi mea hoʻonui ulu. Hoʻopili ʻia me ka maʻi maʻi ovarian, ka umauma, ka salivary gland;
• RET: hoʻopaʻa inoa i kahi mea hoʻokipa ulu. Pili me ka ma'i ma'i thyroid.

Hoʻopili nā Genes i nā relay cytoplasmic i nā ala hoʻoulu:

• Ki-ras: pili i ka ʻāmāmā, ovarian, colon and pancreatic cancer;
• N-ras: pili me ka leukemia.

Nā Genes e hoʻopili ana i nā kumu transcription e hoʻāla i nā genes hoʻoikaika i ka ulu:

• C-myc: pili i ka ma'i leukemia a me ka ma'i 'a'ai o ka umauma, ka 'ōpū a me ka ma'i akemāmā;
• N-myc: pili me ka neuroblastoma (he maʻi maʻi o nā pūnana nerve) a me ka glioblastoma;
• L-myc: pili me ka ma'i 'a'ai.

Nā Genes e hoʻopaʻa nei i nā molekala ʻē aʻe:

• Hcl-2: hoʻopaʻa inoa i kahi pūmua e ālai mau ana i ka pepehi kanaka. Pili me nā lymphoma o nā lymphocytes B;
• Bel-1: kapa ʻia ʻo PRAD1. Hoʻopili i ka Cyclin DXNUMX, kahi mea hoʻoikaika i ka uaki. Pili ʻia me ka maʻi ʻaʻai umauma, ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī;
• MDM2: hoʻopili i kahi mea kū'ē o ka pūmua i hana ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻopaʻi tumora.
• P53: pili i nā sarcomas (nā maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻiʻo pili) a me nā maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻē aʻe.

ʻO nā maʻi maʻi oncogenic nā maʻi i hiki ke hana i ke kelepona a lākou e hoʻopili ai i ke kanesa. ʻO 15% o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi he etiology viral a ʻo kēia mau maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi ke kumu o kahi 1.5 miliona mau hihia hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki a me 900 mau make i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO nā maʻi maʻi maʻi viral pili kahi pilikia olakino lehulehu:

• pili ka papillomavirus me kahi kokoke i 90% o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi cervical;
• Hoʻopili ʻia ka 75% o nā maʻi hepatocarcinomas i ka maʻi hepatitis B a me C.

ʻElima mau ʻāpana o nā maʻi maʻi oncogenic, inā he mau maʻi RNA a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi DNA.

RNA virus

• Hiki iā Retroviridae (HTVL-1) ke loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi T leukemia;
• ʻO Flaviviridae (ka maʻi maʻi hepatitis C) i ka pilikia no ka maʻi maʻi hepatocellular.

nā maʻi maʻi DNA

• Hōʻike ʻo Papovaviridae (papillomavirus 16 a me 18) i ka maʻi kanesa o ka pūpū;
• Hōʻike ka Herpesviridae (Esptein Barr virus) i ka lymphoma B a me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi;
• Hōʻike ka Herpesviridae (herpesvirus kanaka 8) i ka maʻi a me nā lymphoma o Kaposi;
• He ma'i ma'i hepatocellular ka ma'i hepatocellular.