Na Frans BM de Waal, Ke Kulanui ʻo Emory.
Source: Introduction to Psychology puke. Nā mea kākau - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Ma lalo o ka hoʻoponopono nui o VP Zinchenko. 15th paʻi honua, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
â € ‹â €‹ â € ‹â €‹ â € ‹â €‹ â € ‹No ka manaʻo ponoʻī o ke kanaka, aia nō kekahi mau kumu i loko o kona ʻano e hoihoi ai i ka holomua o haʻi, a me ka hauʻoli o kekahi e pono ai iā ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole loaʻa iā ia kekahi pōmaikaʻi mai ke kūlana, koe wale ka leʻaleʻa e ike ana. (Adam Smith (1759))
I ka luʻu ʻana o Lenny Skatnik i loko o ka Potomac hau i ka makahiki 1982 no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i kahi mea i ulia i ka mokulele, a i ka wā i hoʻomalu ai ka Dutch i nā ʻohana Iudaio i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻopilikia lākou i ko lākou ola no nā malihini. Pela no hoi o Binti Jua, he gorila ma ka Brookfield Zoo o Kikako, i hoopakele i kekahi keiki i make a haule iloko o kona pa, e hana ana i na hana i ao ole ia e kekahi.
ʻO nā laʻana e like me kēia ke manaʻo mau loa no ka mea e kamaʻilio lākou e pili ana i nā pono no nā lālā o kā mākou ʻano. Akā i ke aʻo ʻana i ka evolution o ka empathy a me ka pono, ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi waiwai o nā hōʻike o ka hopohopo holoholona no kekahi i kekahi a me kā lākou pane ʻana i ka pōʻino o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ka mea i hōʻoiaʻiʻo iaʻu ʻo ke ola ʻana i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole wale ma luna o nā lanakila i nā hakakā, akā ma luna hoʻi. ka launa pū ʻana a me ka lokomaikaʻi (de Waal, 1996). No ka laʻana, ma waena o nā chimpanzees, he mea maʻamau ka mea nānā ke hoʻokokoke aku i ka mea i hoʻouka ʻia a kau mālie i ka lima ma kona poʻohiwi.
ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau manaʻo mālama, hōʻike mau ʻia nā kānaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e nā mea olaola he ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO ke kumu o kēia he kumu: ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana a pau i hoʻomohala ʻia e hoʻomāʻona i nā pono ponoʻī o kēlā me kēia. Maikaʻi ka manaʻo e hoʻopau ʻia nā genes i hiki ʻole ke hāʻawi i ka pono i kā lākou mea lawe i ke kaʻina koho kūlohelohe. Akā, pololei anei ke kapa ʻana i kahi holoholona no ka mea ʻo kāna ʻano e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pōmaikaʻi?
ʻO ke kaʻina hana i ulu ai kekahi ʻano ma luna o nā miliona mau makahiki ma kahi o ka manawa e noʻonoʻo ai kekahi i ke kumu o ka hana ʻana o kahi holoholona ma ʻaneʻi a i kēia manawa. ʻIke wale nā holoholona i nā hopena koke o kā lākou hana, a ʻaʻole maopopo iā lākou kēia mau hopena. Manaʻo paha mākou e wili ka pūnawelewele i ka nalo, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō kēia ma kahi pae hana. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻike i ka manaʻo o ka spider e pili ana i ke kumu o ka pūnaewele. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo o nā pahuhopu o ka ʻano e pili ana i ke kumu o ke kumu.
ʻO kēia wale nō ka manaʻo o ka "egoism" i hala ma mua o kona manaʻo kumu a ua hoʻohana ʻia ma waho o ka psychology. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo i kekahi manawa e like me ka makemake ponoʻī, ʻo ka manaʻo ponoʻī ka manaʻo e lawelawe i ko mākou pono ponoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻike o ka mea e loaʻa iā mākou ma muli o kahi ʻano. Hiki i ke kumu waina ke lawelawe i kona pono pono'ī ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau, akā no ka mea ʻaʻohe manaʻo a ʻike ʻole nā mea kanu, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomakeʻe, ke ʻole ka manaʻo hoʻohālikelike o ka huaʻōlelo.
ʻAʻole i huikau ʻo Charles Darwin i ka hoʻololi ʻana me nā pahuhopu pilikino a ʻike i ke ola o nā kumu altruistic. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo ia i kēia e Adam Smith, ka ethicist a me ka makuakāne o ka ʻoihana waiwai. Ua nui nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hana no ka loaʻa a me nā hana i alakaʻi ʻia e nā manaʻo ponoʻī a ua kākau ʻo Smith, i ʻike ʻia no kona manaʻo nui i ka manaʻo ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka ʻoihana waiwai, ua kākau pū nō hoʻi e pili ana i ka hiki ke aloha kanaka.
ʻAʻole pohihihi ke kumu o kēia mana. ʻO nā ʻano holoholona āpau kahi i hoʻomohala ʻia ai ka launa pū ʻana e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa i ka hui a me ka makemake i ke kōkua like. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka nohona pili kanaka, nā pilina pili e kōkua ai nā holoholona i nā ʻohana a me nā hoa i hiki ke uku i ka lokomaikaʻi. No laila, ʻaʻole i lilo ka makemake e kōkua i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe mai ka manaʻo o ke ola. Akā ʻaʻole pili hou kēia makemake me nā hopena kani evolutionary, kahi i hiki ai ke hōʻike iā ia iho inā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā uku, e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kōkua i nā malihini.
ʻO ke kapa ʻana i kekahi ʻano hana ponoʻī e like me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ola āpau ma ka honua i hoʻololi ʻia i ka ikehu lā. He waiwai maʻamau nā ʻōlelo ʻelua, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa a mākou e ʻike nei a puni mākou. No kekahi mau holoholona, ʻo ka hoʻokūkū ʻino wale nō ka mea e hiki ai ke ola, no nā holoholona ʻē aʻe he kōkua like wale nō. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi ala e nānā ʻole i kēia mau pilina hakakā i ka mea olaola evolutionary, akā ʻaʻohe ona wahi i ka psychology.