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Ke ulu nei i nā champignons
ʻO ka wehewehe pōkole o ka fungus, nā hiʻohiʻona o kona ulu ʻana
He mau ʻelele ʻo Champignon no ka ʻohana champignon o ka inoa hoʻokahi, aia ma luna o 60 mau ʻano o nā ʻano ʻala. Hiki ke ulu nā halo i nā ululāʻau, nā ululāʻau a me nā wao nahele.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā champignon ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica, akā ʻo ko lākou wahi nui ka steppe a i ʻole ka nahele-steppe zone.
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kikowaena o kā mākou ʻāina, a laila hiki ke loaʻa nā champignons ma nā kula, nā māla, ma nā kihi o nā ululāʻau. Inā maikaʻi nā kūlana no ka ulu ʻana, a laila ma kēia mau wahi hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā champignons mai Mei a ʻOkakopa.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻōpala he saprophytes, no laila ke ulu nei lākou ma nā lepo momona i ka humus, ʻike ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā holoholona pipi, a me nā ululāʻau i ʻike ʻia e nā mea kanu mānoanoa.
No ka ulu ʻana o ka halo ʻoihana, ʻelua ʻano o kēia mau halo e ulu ikaika nei: ʻelua-spore mushroom a me ʻelua apo (ʻehā-spore) mushroom. ʻAʻole maʻamau nā champignons kahua a me nā meadow.
ʻO ka Champignon kahi ʻūhā pāpale, i hōʻike ʻia e ka wāwae waena, ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 4-6 kenimika. ʻOkoʻa nā champignons ʻoihana i ke anawaena o ka pāpale o 5-10 kenimika, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā specimens me ke anawaena o 30 mau kenimika a ʻoi aku paha.
ʻO ka mahalo, nā ʻO ka champignon kahi ʻelele o nā halo pāpale hiki ke ʻai maka. I nā ʻāina Mediterranean, hoʻohana ʻia nā champignons maka i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā salads a me nā ʻuala.
I ka wā mua o ke ola o ka mushroom, ʻike ʻia kona pāpale e ke ʻano hemispherical, akā naʻe, i ke kaʻina o ka maturation, ua lilo ia i convex-outstretched.
Aia he 4 mau hui nui o nā champignons e like me ke kala o ka pāpale: keʻokeʻo-hau, ka waiū, ka ʻulaʻula māmā (royal) a me ka ʻaila. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hāʻawi ʻia nā keʻokeʻo me ka waiu i ka hui like. Me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka makahiki o ke kino hua, e hoʻololi pū ʻia me nā papa o nā champignons. He mau papa māmā ko nā halo ʻōpiopio. Ke oʻo ka champignon, ʻeleʻele ka pā, a ʻulaʻula. Hōʻike ʻia nā champignons kahiko e ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me ka burgundy-ʻeleʻele o ka pā.
Ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka pae
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala e nā koi liʻiliʻi no ka hiki ʻana o ka mālamalama a me ka wela, no laila hiki ke ulu ʻia ko lākou ulu ʻana ma nā basements i kahi mahana o ka ea ma waena o 13-30 degere Celsius. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pono kēia mau haʻuki i ka noho ʻana o kahi mea kanu hoʻokipa, no ka mea, lawe ʻia kā lākou meaʻai e ka lawe ʻana i nā koena decomposed o nā pūhui organik. Ma muli o kēia, i ke kaʻina o ka ulu ʻana i nā champignons, ka mea i kapa ʻia. champignon compost, i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka manure lio a i ʻole ka manu moa e hoʻohana ʻia. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻohui i ka rai a i ʻole ka mauʻu palaoa a me ka gypsum. ʻO ka heleʻana o ka manure e hāʻawi i nā halo i nā pūhui nitrogen e pono ai, mahalo i ka mauʻu, hāʻawiʻia ka mycelium me ka carbon, akā mahalo i ka gypsum, ua hoʻolakoʻia nā halo me ka calcium. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ka gypsum i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka compost. ʻAʻole e hoʻopilikia nā mea hoʻohui i ka lepo no ka ulu ʻana i nā champignons ma ke ʻano o ka paʻakai, nā mineral fertilizers a me ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻai iwi.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea mahiʻai i kāna ʻano ponoʻī no ka mea maikaʻi loa, i kona manaʻo, compost, ʻo ke kumu o ka manure lio.
No ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ia compost, pono e hoʻohana i ka 100 kg o ka mauʻu, 2,5 g o ka ammonium sulfate, superphosphate a me ka urea, a me hoʻokahi a me ka hapa kilokani o gypsum a me 250 grams o ka paʻakai no kēlā me kēia 400 kg o ka manure lio.
Inā ulu ka mea kanu ʻai i nā champignons i loko o ka makahiki, a laila pono ke kaʻina hana compost i loko o nā keʻena kūikawā kahi e mālama mau ai ka ea ma kahi pae ma luna o 10 degere Celsius. Inā ulu nā halo i ka wā, hiki ke waiho ʻia ka compost ma lalo o kahi canopy i ka lewa ākea.
I ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka compost, pono e pale i kona mau ʻāpana i ka pili ʻana i ka lepo. A i ʻole, hiki ke komo i loko o nā ʻano microorganism e hōʻino i nā fungi.
ʻO ka pae mua o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻoki ʻana i ka mauʻu, a laila pulu maikaʻi ʻia me ka wai a pulu loa. Ma kēia kūlana, waiho ʻia no nā lā ʻelua, a laila hui pū ʻia me ka manure, i waiho mau ʻia i nā papa. Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻōpala i ka wā o ka waiho ʻana me nā mea kanu mineral, pono e hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia i ka wai. No laila, pono ʻoe e kiʻi i kahi puʻu ʻano kumu, e ana i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua mika ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka laulā. Pono ka liʻiliʻi o 100 kilograms o ka mauʻu i loko o ia puʻu, i ʻole e lohi loa ke kaʻina hana fermentation, a i ʻole e ʻae ka wela haʻahaʻa e hoʻomaka. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, hoʻopau ʻia ka puʻu i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohui lohi o ka wai. Pono ka hana ʻana o ka compost i ʻehā mau hoʻomaha, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o kāna hana ʻana he 20-23 mau lā. Inā hahai ʻia ka ʻenehana, a laila i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka luku hope ʻana, e pau ka puʻu i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka amonia, e nalowale ke ʻala ʻano, a lilo ke kala o ka nui i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. A laila e māhele ʻia ka compost i hoʻopau ʻia i loko o nā pahu kūikawā a i ʻole nā moena i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ia mea, kahi e lūlū ʻia ai nā halo.
E lūlū i ka mycelium
Hoʻoulu hou ʻia nā champignons ʻoihana ma ke ʻano vegetative, ma ka lūlū ʻana i ka mycelium i loko o ka compost i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, i loaʻa i nā laboratories. Ma waena o nā ʻano o ka lūlū ʻana i ka mycelium, pono ia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka cellar, i loko o kahi mea maʻalahi e mālama i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ea ea, a me kahi hōʻailona wela maikaʻi loa. Pono e kūʻai i ka mycelium wale nō mai nā mea hoʻolako kaulana, no ka mea, ʻo ka hōʻino ʻana i ka ʻenehana ma ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ka hana ʻana o ka mycelium e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mycelium i loko o nā granule a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o nā poloka compost ʻaʻole pono i ka hoʻopili ponoʻī. Pono e kanu ʻia ka mea ʻohi halo i loko o ka compost paʻakikī, no laila pono e hohola ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana lahilahi a hiki i ka hāʻule ʻana o kona mahana i 25 degere Celsius. E hoʻomanaʻo ma hope koke o ka lūlū ʻana, hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana i loko o ka compost, ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o kona mahana. No kēlā me kēia tona o ka compost, pono e kanu ʻia ma kahi o 6 kilokani a i ʻole 10 lita o ka mycelium. No ka lūlū ʻana, pono e hoʻomākaukau i nā lua i loko o ka compost, ʻo ka hohonu he 8 knm, a he 15 knm ka pae. Pono nā puka ma nā lālani e pili ana. Lawe ʻia ka lūlū me nā lima ponoʻī a i ʻole me ke kōkua o kahi ʻoki kūikawā a me kahi roller.
Ke kanu ʻia ka mycelium, pono e uhi ʻia ka compost me ka pepa, ka moena mauʻu a i ʻole ka burlap e mālama i ka makū i loko. No ka pale ʻana iā ia mai ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea ʻino like ʻole, pono e mālama iā ia me kahi hopena formalin 2% i kēlā me kēia lā ʻekolu. I ka wā o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana uhi ʻole, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka compost ma ka hoʻoinu ʻana i nā paia a me nā papahele, no ka mea inā ʻoe e hoʻoinu i ka compost ponoʻī, a laila aia kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi mycelium. I ka wā o kona germination, pono ka mahana o ka ea ma luna o 23 degere, a ʻo ka mahana o ka compost ma waena o 24-25 degere.
Ka ulu ana a me ka ohi ana
ʻO ka Mycelium, ma ka awelika, e ulu ana i nā lā 10-12. I loko o kēia manawa, hana ʻia kahi hana ikaika o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kaula keʻokeʻo lahilahi - hyphae - i loko o ka compost. Ke hoʻomaka lākou e ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka compost, pono e kāpīpī ʻia me kahi papa o ka peat me ka paʻakai, 3 kenimika ka mānoanoa. Ma hope o 4-5 mau lā ma hope o kēlā, pono e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mahana o ka lumi i 17 degere. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka papa o ka lepo ma luna me kahi ipu wai wai. I ka wā o ka irrigation, pono e nānā i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o ka wai ma ka papa luna a ʻaʻole komo i loko o ka compost. He mea nui hoʻi ka hoʻolako mau ʻana o ka ea hou, e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā halo. Pono e paʻa ka haʻahaʻa o ka lumi i kēlā manawa ma kahi o 60-70%. Hoʻomaka ka hua o nā champignons i ka lā 20-26th ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i ka mycelium. Inā mālama pono ʻia nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka ulu ʻana, e ulu nui ana ka ulu ʻana o nā halo, me ka hoʻomaha ma waena o nā piko o 3-5 mau lā. ʻOhi ʻia nā halo me ka lima ma ka wili ʻana iā lākou mai ka mycelium.
I kēia lā, ʻo nā alakaʻi i ka hana ʻenehana o nā champignons ʻo ia ka USA, Great Britain, Farani, Korea a me Kina. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ko mākou ʻāina e hoʻohana ikaika i nā ʻenehana haole i ke kaʻina o ka ulu ʻana i nā halo.
Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā halo i kahi mahana ambient o 12-18 degere. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lumi, e pale aku kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa, ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o nā stains ma nā pāpale mushroom. Ma ke ʻano o ka haʻiki, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i ka manawa e wehe ai. Inā ʻo ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻopili ana i ka pāpale a me ka wāwae ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i haehae, ʻo ia ka manawa e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka champignon. Ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā halo, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou, hoʻolei ʻia nā maʻi a me nā pōʻino, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke koena a hoʻouna ʻia i nā wahi kūʻai.