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Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ka poʻe i mākaukau mua i ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā halo ʻē aʻe, maʻalahi ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hoʻāʻo e ulu i nā halo ma ka home a i ʻole ka ʻāina. No ka poʻe hoʻomaka, ua manaʻo ʻia e haku mua i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā champignons a i ʻole nā haohao oyster. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻike liʻiliʻi loa i ka ulu ʻana o ka mushroom a ke manaʻo nei ʻoe e aʻo i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana i nā halo, e hoʻoholo mua i ke ʻano e koho ai no kēia mau kumu.
Ma waena o nā meaʻai a kūpono no ka mahiʻaiʻana, uaʻikeʻia nāʻanoʻelua: ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo.
E aʻo ʻoe e pili ana i nā ʻano kumu o ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma ka home a ma ka māla ma ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia ʻatikala.
He aha ke ʻano o nā halo kauwela
Laha loa kēia ʻaha, a ʻohi ʻia e nā mea ʻohi ʻohi ma kahi kokoke i nā ululāʻau. Ke ulu nei nā halo ma luna o ka lāʻau make, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, i nā hui he nui. Ke hele nei ʻoe i loko o ka ululāʻau, ʻike pinepine ʻoe i kahi pāpale melemele-gula i hana ʻia e nā halo pākahi he nui ma luna o nā kumu lāʻau deciduous hāʻule. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻano mai Iune a Kepakemapa.
He ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ia i ka nui, ʻo ke anawaena o ka pāpale ma ke ʻano he 20-60 mm, ʻo ke ʻano he flat-convex, ua haʻalele ʻia nā ʻaoʻao. Aia ma waenakonu o ka pāpale he ʻano tubercle. ʻO ke kala o ka ʻili o ka meli agaric he melemele-ʻeleʻele me nā pōʻai māmā wai. He lahilahi ka ʻiʻo, palupalu, keʻokeʻo. Ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae - 35-50 mm, mānoanoa - 4 mm. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kumu me kahi apo o ke kala like me ka pāpale, hiki ke nalo koke, ʻoiai e mau ana kahi ʻano maʻemaʻe.
Pono e nānā pono ʻia i nā papa, ka mea i loko o ka honey agarics e ʻai ʻia i ka wā mua, a ʻeleʻele i ka wā oʻo, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā lākou mai nā agarics meli hoʻopunipuni. ʻO nā papa o ka hope he hina-melemele mua, a laila ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻoliva-ʻoliva paha.
Hōʻike kēia mau kiʻi i ke ʻano o nā halo kauwela:
Kiʻekiʻe loa ka ʻono o ka halo. He ikaika a ʻoluʻolu ka ʻala. Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā pāpale ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana.
ʻAʻole ʻai ʻia nā wāwae ma muli o ko lākou paʻakikī. Ma ka ʻoihana ʻoihana, ʻaʻole hānai ʻia nā halo, no ka mea hiki ke palaho ka halo, e koi ana i ka hana wikiwiki, a ma waho aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia. Akā, mahalo nui nā mea kanu ʻai honey i kā mākou ʻāina, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Kelemānia, etc.
Ma lalo iho nei ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā halo ma hope.
Pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ulu i nā halo kauwela ma kahi pā ma nā kumu
Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau make ma ke ʻano he substrate no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo kauwela, a kūʻai pinepine ʻia ka mycelium ma ke ʻano he paʻi i loko o nā paipu. ʻOiai hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kāu mea kanu ponoʻī - he infusion o nā pāpale haʻiʻo oʻo a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lāʻau i loaʻa i ka haʻo.
Ma mua o ka ulu ʻana i nā halo i ka ʻāina, pono ʻoe e hoʻomākaukau i ka mycelium. Hana ʻia ka infusion mai nā pāpale me nā papa ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, pono e ʻoki ʻia a waiho ʻia i loko o kahi pahu wai (pono ʻia e hoʻohana i ka wai ua) no 12-24 mau hola. A laila kānana ʻia ka hui ʻana ma o ka gauze a ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia ka lāʻau me ia, ua hana mua i nā ʻokiʻoki ma nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻaoʻao.
Ma kahi o ka infusion ma ka lāʻau, hiki ke waiho ʻia nā pāpale makua me nā papa i lalo, e hoʻoneʻe iā lākou ma hope o hoʻokahi lā a ʻelua paha. Me kēiaʻano o ka uluʻana i nā halo, ulu ka mycelium no ka manawa lōʻihi a hiki ke manaʻoʻia kaʻohi muaʻana e loaʻa wale i ka hopena o ke kau e hiki mai ana.
No ka wikiwiki o ke kaʻina hana, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau me ka mycelium sprouted, hiki ke loaʻa i ka nahele e hoʻomaka i Iune. E nānā i nā ʻōpala a i ʻole nā kumu lāʻau hāʻule. Pono e lawe ʻia nā ʻāpana mai nā wahi o ka ulu ikaika ʻana o ka mycelium, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi i loaʻa ai ka nui o nā loina keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻaila (hyphae), a hoʻopuka pū i kahi ʻala ʻala ikaika.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana lāʻau i maʻi ʻia e ka haʻiki o nā ʻano nui like ʻole i loko o nā lua i ʻoki ʻia ma ka ʻāpana lāʻau i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. A laila ua uhi ʻia kēia mau wahi me ka moss, ka ʻili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila i ka wā e ulu ana i nā halo o ke kauwela, ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka mycelium i ka lāʻau nui, hiki ke kui ʻia nā ʻāpana a uhi ʻia me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni. A laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā halo mua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela aʻe.
Ma waho o ke ʻano o ka maʻi, kūpono ka lāʻau o kēlā me kēia lāʻau paʻakikī no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma nā kumu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā ʻāpana he 300-350 mm, ʻo ke anawaena kekahi. Ma kēia mana, hiki i nā ʻōpala o nā lāʻau hua ke hana, ʻaʻole pono e uhuki, no ka mea i loko o 4-6 mau makahiki e hāʻule lākou, e luku loa ʻia e ka haʻiki.
Ma luna o nā lāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau hou, hiki ke hana ʻia ka infestation me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomākaukau kūikawā. Inā mālama ʻia ka lāʻau no kekahi manawa a ua loaʻa ka manawa e maloʻo ai, a laila mālama ʻia nā ʻāpana i ka wai no 1-2 mau lā, a ninini ʻia nā ʻōpala me ia. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka maʻi maʻi no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma ka ʻāina i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka wā ulu. ʻO ke keʻakeʻa wale nō i kēia, ʻo ka wela maloʻo loa. Eia nō naʻe, inā paha, ʻo ka manawa kūpono loa no ka maʻi ʻana ʻo ka puna a i ʻole ke kau mua.
ʻO ka lāʻau i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka maʻi me ka meli agaric ma ke kikowaena ʻO kā mākou ʻāina he birch, kahi e waiho ai ka nui o ka wai ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, a ʻo kahi pūpū hilinaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili birch e pale i ka lāʻau mai ka maloʻo ʻana. Ma waho aʻe o ka birch, hoʻohana ʻia ka alder, aspen, poplar, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ma luna o ka lāʻau coniferous, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kauwela honey agaric.
Ma mua o ka ulu ʻana i nā halo, e nānā i kēia wikiō:
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka lāʻau i hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi kūlana kū i nā lua i ʻeli mua ʻia me ka mamao o 500 mm ma waena o lākou. Pono ka ʻāpana o ka lāʻau mai ka lepo e nānā i waho ma kahi o 150 mm.
No ka ulu pono ʻana i nā ʻōpala ma nā kumu, pono e hoʻoinu nui ʻia ka honua me ka wai a kāpīpī ʻia me kahi papa o ka sawdust i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka wai. No ia mau wahi, pono e koho i nā wahi malu ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau a i ʻole nā hale hoʻokipa kūikawā.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma ke kau ʻana i ka lāʻau i hoʻopili ʻia i ka lepo i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻomalu i ka pae o ka wai. Ma lalo o ia mau kūlana, 7 mau mahina no ka hoʻokumu hou ʻana i nā kino hua, ʻoiai inā maikaʻi ʻole ka wā, hiki ke ulu i ka lua o ka makahiki.
Inā ulu ʻoe i nā halo i ka ʻāina e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka ʻenehana kūpono, e hua ʻelua mau hua i ka makahiki (i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule) no 5-7 mau makahiki (inā hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana lāʻau me ke anawaena o 200-300 mm, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke anawaena, a laila hiki ke hoʻomau i ka huaʻai.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hua o ka haʻiki e ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau, nā kūlana o ka wā, a me ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā hua. No laila, mai kahi ʻāpana hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka 300 g i kēlā me kēia makahiki a me 6 kg i ke kauwela. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole waiwai nui ka hua mua, akā ʻo nā uku ma hope he 3-4 mau manawa.
Hiki ke ulu i nā halo o ke kauwela ma ka pūnaewele ma nā ʻōpala ulu lāʻau (nā kumu liʻiliʻi, nā lālā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā pūpū me ke anawaena o 100-250 mm, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka mycelium e kekahi o nā ʻano i wehewehe ʻia a kanu ʻia i loko lepo i ka hohonu o 200-250 mm, e uhi ana i luna me ka turf. Mālama ʻia ka wahi hana mai ka makani a me ka lā.
No ka mea ʻaʻole pili ka meli agaric i nā fungi mycorrhizal a ulu wale ma luna o ka lāʻau make, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kāna mahi ʻana me ka makaʻu ʻole e hōʻino i nā lāʻau ola.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana i nā halo meli i kēia wikiō:
ʻO ka meli agaric ka ʻono me ka ʻono ʻole e mālama pono ʻole ʻia e nā mea kanu ulu. Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻenehana mahiʻai i wehewehe ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo maʻamau i kēlā me kēia hihia, i loaʻa i ka poʻe mahi ʻaʻahu amateur nā manawa kūpono e noʻonoʻo ai i ka hoʻokolohua.
ʻO kēia ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻenehana o ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma ka home no ka poʻe hoʻomaka.
ʻenehana no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo hoʻoilo ma ka home
ʻO ka pāpale o ka honey honey agaric (velvety-legged flammulina) he pālahalaha, uhi ʻia me ka mucus, liʻiliʻi ka nui - 20-50 mm wale nō ke anawaena, i kekahi manawa e ulu a 100 mm. ʻO ke kala o ka pāpale he melemele a i ʻole kaʻaila, ma ke kikowaena he brownish paha. He akea a he kakaikahi ka nui o na papa kala kala. He melemele ka ʻiʻo. ʻO ka wāwae he 50-80 mm ka lōʻihi a he 5-8 mm ka mānoanoa, ikaika, puna, ʻulaʻula melemele ma luna, a ʻeleʻele ma lalo, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele paha (ma kēia hiʻohiʻona he maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēia ʻano meli agaric mai nā mea ʻē aʻe). He huluhulu-velvety ke kumu o ke kumu.
Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka haʻuki hoʻoilo i nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma ʻEulopa, Asia, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, Australia a me ʻApelika. Ke ulu nei kēia ʻōpala hoʻopau lāʻau i nā pūʻulu nui, ma ka nui o nā kumu a me nā kumu hāʻule o nā lāʻau deciduous a i ʻole nā lāʻau ola nāwaliwali (ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma nā aspens, poplars, willows). Ma ke kikowaena o ko mākou ʻāina, ʻike ʻia ia i Kepakemapa - Nowemapa, a ma nā ʻāpana hema a hiki i Dekemaba.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻano ʻano halo ma Iapana i nā kenekulia i hala aku nei a ua kapa ʻia ʻo "endokitake". Eia naʻe, he haʻahaʻa loa ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka wā e ulu ai nā halo hoʻoilo ma nā chocks lāʻau. Ma ka waena o 50s. ma Iapana, ua hoʻopaneʻe lākou i ke ʻano mahiʻai o ka inoa hoʻokahi ma ka ʻōpala hana lāʻau, a ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka flammulina i kaulana a kaulana loa. I kēia manawa, aia ka honey agaric i ke kolu o ka honua ma ke ʻano o ka hana. Ma luna o ka champignon wale nō (kahi mua) a me ka halo ʻo (kahi lua).
Loaʻa i ka mushroom hoʻoilo nā pōmaikaʻi ʻole (ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili hoʻoilo ma ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea hoʻokūkū hihiu ma nā mākeke, maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o ka substrate, kahi pōkole ulu pōkole (2,5 mau mahina), kū i ka maʻi. Akā aia kekahi mau hemahema (kiʻekiʻe ka naʻau i nā kūlana climatic, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka mahana a me ka hele ʻana o ka ea hou, kahi koho palena ʻole o nā ʻano kanu a me nā ʻenehana, ka pono o nā kūlana sterile). A pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau mea ma mua o ka ulu ʻana i ka mycelium mushroom.
ʻOiai ʻo ka meli agaric ke kolu o ka wahi i ka hana ʻoihana, ʻike liʻiliʻi ia i waena o nā mea ulu ulu ulu, akā naʻe, a ma waena o nā mea ʻohi mushroom.
No ka mea, no ka mycorrhizal fungi ka flammulina, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā lāʻau ola, pono ke mahi ʻia i loko wale nō.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka ulu ʻana i nā halo hoʻoilo ma ka home ma ke ʻano nui (ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau) a me ka ikaika (ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi ʻano meaʻai, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka sawdust paʻa me nā ʻano mea hoʻohui like ʻole: mauʻu, ʻōpala pua, nā hua brewer, kulina, buckwheat husks , bran, keke). ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōpala kūpono ma ka mahiʻai.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana o nā mea e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo i ka home, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano meaʻai. ʻO ka sawdust me ka bran, kahi mea hoʻohui waiwai waiwai, ua hui pū ʻia i ka ratio o 3: 1, sawdust me nā hua brewer - 5: 1, i ka hui ʻana i nā ʻōpala sunflower a me nā husks buckwheat, hoʻohana ʻia ka ratio like. Hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻōpala, ka palaoa, ka sunflower husks, ka buckwheat husks me ka sawdust i ka ratio o 1: 1.
E like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hōʻike ʻana, he mau hui pū ʻia kēia, i hōʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi ma ke kula. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻohui, a laila e liʻiliʻi nā hua ma ka sawdust ʻole, a e hoʻolohi nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mycelium a me ka hua. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mauʻu, kānana, sunflower husks, inā makemake ʻia, e like me ke ʻano meaʻai nui, kahi e pono ʻole ai ka sawdust a i ʻole nā substrat ʻē aʻe.
Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohui i ka 1% gypsum a me ka 1% superphosphate i ke ʻano meaʻai no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo home. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka hui ʻana he 60-70%. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu inā he mau mea kānalua lākou a i ʻole me nā ʻāpana o ka mold.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka substrate, ua kau ʻia i ka mālama wela. Hiki i kēia ke sterilization, ka mahu a i ʻole ka wai hoʻolapalapa, ka pasteurization, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka ulu ʻana i nā halo, hana ʻia ka sterilization ma ke kau ʻana i kahi ʻano meaʻai i loko o nā ʻeke plastik a i ʻole nā ipu aniani me ka mana o 0,5-3 liters.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela o nā kini, ua like ia me ka hiki ʻana i ka home maʻamau. I kekahi manawa, lawe ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela ma mua o ka waiho ʻana o ka substrate i loko o nā ipu, akā i kēia hihia, pono e mālama ʻia nā ipu iā lākou iho, a laila ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Inā hoʻolālā ʻia ka substrate e waiho ʻia i loko o nā pahu, a laila lawe ʻia ka mālama wela ma mua. Hoʻopili ʻia ka compost i loko o nā pahu.
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo home (ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa, ka mālama), a laila pono e mālama pono i kekahi mau lula, kahi e hilinaʻi nui ai ka kūleʻa o ka hanana holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā pahu i mālama ʻia me ka mea kanu i ka 24-25 ° C, a ma hope o ka lūlū ʻia ka substrate me ka mycelium palaoa, ʻo ke kaumaha o ia he 5-7% o ke kaumaha compost. Ma ke kikowaena o ka pahu a i ʻole ʻeke, hana ʻia nā lua ma mua (ʻoiai ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela) ma o ka mānoanoa holoʻokoʻa o ka mea kanu meaʻai e hoʻohana ana i kahi lāʻau a i ʻole ka hao me ke anawaena o 15-20 mm. A laila e laha koke ka mycelium a puni ka substrate. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ka mycelium, uhi ʻia nā ipu a i ʻole nā ʻeke me ka pepa.
No ka ulu ʻana i nā halo, pono ʻoe e hana i nā kūlana kūpono. Hoʻoulu ka mycelium i ka substrate ma kahi mahana o 24-25 ° C a hoʻopau i 15-20 mau lā ma kēia (ʻo nā ʻano o ka ipu, ka substrate a me nā ʻano o ka meli agaric he mea koʻikoʻi no kēia). I kēia kaʻina, ʻaʻole pono ka haʻuki i ka mālamalama, akā pono e hōʻoia i ka maloʻo ʻole o ka nutrient medium, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka lumi ma kahi o 90%. Ua uhi ʻia nā pahu me kahi substrate me ka burlap a i ʻole ka pepa, i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa (akā naʻe, hiki ʻole ke ʻae iā lākou e lilo i pulu nui).
Ke ulu ka mycelium i ka substrate, wehe ʻia ka uhi mai nā ipu a neʻe ʻia lākou i kahi lumi kukui me ka mahana o 10-15 ° C, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka hopena kiʻekiʻe. Ma hope o 10-15 mau lā mai ka manawa i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai nā kini i kahi lumi kukui (25-35 mau lā mai ka manawa i lūlū ʻia ai ka mycelium), hoʻomaka ka pūʻulu o nā wāwae lahilahi me nā pāpale liʻiliʻi mai nā pahu - ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka nā kino hua o ka haʻi. E like me ke kānāwai, hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻohi ma hope o 10 mau lā.
Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia nā ʻōpala o nā halo ma ke kumu o nā wāwae, a ʻo ka stub i waiho ʻia i ka substrate e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ke ʻano meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea āpau, me ke kōkua o nā tweezers lāʻau. A laila ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia ka ʻili o ka substrate i kahi wai liʻiliʻi mai ka sprayer. Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka hua aʻe i loko o ʻelua pule. No laila, ʻo ka manawa o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mycelium ma mua o ka ʻohi mua ʻana e lawe i 40-45 mau lā.
ʻO ka ikaika o ka hiʻohiʻona o nā haʻiki a me ko lākou maikaʻi e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke ʻano meaʻai, ka ʻenehana mālama wela, ke ʻano o ka ipu i hoʻohana ʻia a me nā kūlana ulu ʻē aʻe. No 2-3 mau nalu o ka huaʻai (60-65 mau lā), hiki ke loaʻa 1 g o nā halo mai 500 kg o ka substrate. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi - 1,5 kg o nā halo mai kahi pahu 3-lita. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i laki, a laila e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka 200 g o nā halo mai kahi pahu ʻekolu lita.
E nānā i ke wikiō e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma ka home e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka ʻenehana kaʻina hana:
