NN Ge
"Ua hui ʻo Ge me NL Tolstoy i ka makahiki 1882. ʻO kēia kamaʻāina, i lilo i hoaaloha pili, waiho i kahi hōʻailona hohonu i ka hana o nā makahiki hope o ke ola o ka mea pena. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka mana o Tolstoy iā Ge i ka wehewehe pono ʻana i nā kikokikona Baibala a me ka haʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā ia iho. Hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka noʻonoʻo hohonu o nā kiʻi o kēia wā. Kākau ʻia me ka mana noʻeau nui, hoʻohālikelike lākou i ka manaʻoʻiʻo o ka mea pena i ke kanaka a hōʻike i kona hiki ke hana.
Ma ka makahiki 1884, aia kahi "kiʻi o ka mea kākau ʻo Tolstoy" (Tretyakov Gallery), i kākau ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana o kona hale ma Khamovniki, i ka wā e hana ana ʻo Tolstoy i ka puke "He aha koʻu manaʻoʻiʻo?" Ua hana hou ʻia kēia kaʻina hana hana e Ge i kahi kiʻi, hana ʻo ia i kahi kiʻi pena kiʻi, e like me ka nui o nā mea pena kiʻi Lūkini o ia mau makahiki.
ʻO Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge (1831 - 1894) kekahi o nā mea pena kiʻi Lūkini mua loa. Ua neʻe mai kona kupuna kāne nui (Gay) mai Farani i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1863. Ma hope o ka nui o nā lanakila nui - ʻoi aku ka paʻi kiʻi "The Last Supper" (1875) - Ua ʻike ʻo Ge i kahi pilikia hoʻomohala hohonu i XNUMX. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka hana noʻeau a hoʻomau i ka pili ʻana i nā pilikia o ka hoʻomana a me ka pono. Ua kūʻaiʻo ia i kahi mahiʻai liʻiliʻi ma our country, kokoke i Chernigov, a ua ho'āʻoʻo ia e noho ma ka hana kua'āina: ma hope o nā mea a pau,ʻo ke akamai, e like me kāna'ōlelo i kēia manawa,ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i mea ola,ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai.
Ua hoʻomaka ka pilina ma waena o Ge a me Tolstoy i ka makahiki 1882. I kēlā makahiki, ua heluhelu hewa ʻo Ge i ka ʻatikala a Tolstoy ma nā nūpepa e pili ana i ka "helu helu kanaka" ma Moscow. Ma hope o ke kipa ʻana i nā hale ʻaina a ʻike i nā mea pōʻino i loko o lākou, ua kākau ʻo Tolstoy: "ʻO kā mākou makemake ʻole i nā mea haʻahaʻa ke kumu o ko lākou kūlana ʻilihune." ʻO kēia hua'ōlelo electrified Ge, heleʻo ia i Moscow, noho ma laila no hoʻokahi mahina a kipa aku iā Tolstoy i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hōʻike iā Tolstoy a me kona ʻohana. Ma hope mai, ua kipa pinepine ʻo ia iā ia ma Yasnaya Polyana; Ua pili lākou, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ke kumu ma hope o ke kākau ʻana iā Anna Karenina, ua ʻike ʻo Tolstoy iā ia iho i kahi pilikia hohonu o ke ola a me kahi hana ikaika o ka hānau hou ʻana. Ua pili lākou, ua hoʻololi i nā hoʻolālā. Ua kūkākūkā ʻo Ge me Tolstoy e pili ana i kāna hana a hahai i kāna ʻōlelo aʻo e hōʻike i ka hoʻomana Kalikiano maʻalahi i kāna mau pena pena, i hoʻomaopopo ʻia a makemake ʻia e nā kānaka.
Ua lilo ʻo Ge i Tolstoyan mua loa. Ua ho'āʻoʻo ia e hahai i nā aʻo a pau a Tolstoy i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i kona ola pono'ī. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana ma ke kino, e waiho ana i nā kapuahi no kona mau hoalauna. “Ma muli o ka hana ʻana i kēia ala i ka lā a pau, ʻaʻole ʻai ʻo NN. I kēia manawa, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea ʻai meaʻai (ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana i ka pipi wale nō) a makemake nui hoʻi e ʻai i kāna mea makemake ʻole: no ka laʻana, makemake ʻo ia i ka buckwheat porridge, a no laila ʻai ʻo ia i ka millet, ʻo kēia mau mea āpau me ka aila ʻai, a i ʻole ka aila. i nā mea āpau. Eia naʻe, ma hope liʻiliʻi, ua pau kēia mau hoʻonui. Ua kākau ʻo Tolstoy i kāna puke moʻolelo i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Ge ("kupuna"): ʻaʻole pono e "koi i kekahi e lawelawe iā ia iho ma nā mea maʻalahi." Ua hoʻohanohano ʻo ia iā Tolstoy no ka nui o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo i aloha nui ʻia e Tolstoy ma mua a ʻoi aku ka maopopo ma mua ona. I ka makahiki 1886, ua ha'alele'o ia i kona waiwai, ua kope i kāna wahine'o Anna Petrovna a me kāna mau keiki. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke "ola maʻalahi" a Ge i alakaʻi ai i nā makahiki he 12 i hala o kona ola ʻana he mea ʻē aʻe iā Zhenya. "ʻAʻole makemake koʻu haku wahine e ola maʻalahi," i kākau ai ʻo Ge iā Tolstoy ma Iune 30, 1890. Ua hoʻomaka ka pilina ma waena o Ge lāua ʻo Tolstoy ma hope koke o ka makahiki 1882 a hoʻomau a hiki i ka make ʻana o Ge.
I ka waena o Iune 1892, ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻo Ge i ka paʻi ʻana o ka ʻatikala a Tolstoy ʻo The First Step. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia i kēia ʻuwao no ka vegetarianism ma nā leka i ka mea kākau, a i kāna heluhelu ʻana i ka kikokikona i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻolaha. A i ʻole, ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā Tolstoy i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ke kūlana o kāna māla: “Maikaʻi nā māla. <...> ua nui ke kulina, uala, pi, ua maikai na mea a pau."
Ua hoʻokokoke ʻo Ge iā Tolstoy a hiki i ka hiki ʻana iā Tolstoy ke ʻōlelo hoʻomākeʻaka: “Inā ʻaʻole wau i loko o ka lumi, a laila hiki iā NN ke pane iā ʻoe; E ʻōlelo ʻo ia e like me aʻu.
I ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ka All-Russian Congress of Vegetarians ma Moscow ma 1913, ua make ʻo Ge no kahi kokoke i 20 mau makahiki. Akā ʻo ka "mea kanu hōʻikeʻike", wehe ʻia mai 16 a 21 ʻApelila, ua hoʻonani pū ʻia me kāna mau kiʻi pena. Hoʻopili koke ʻia ka pilina me Tolstoy i ke keiki a ka mea pena, ʻo Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge (1857-1949). Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka launa ʻana o Tolstoy me ia ma mua o kona makuakāne. Ma ka album o ka lumi ʻaina "Toothless Nutrition" ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tashkent, hiki i kekahi ke heluhelu i ka mea kākau a Nikolai Nikolayevich: ʻO ke ʻano o ka vegetarian "ʻo ka hana mua wale nō a Lev Nikolayevich i kākau ai ma kahi o 25 mau makahiki i hala. A hiki i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka mua. ʻO kēia hehi ʻana i ka ʻanuʻu mua e alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he nui ka poʻe i iho mai laila ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana i luna me ka hoihoi. <...> I mea e lilo ai ka ʻanuʻu mua i ʻanuʻu a lilo i mea mua, pono e hahai ʻia nā ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Vegetarianism iā ia iho he maʻemaʻe wale nō a alakaʻi i ka hoʻokamani a me ka ʻoluʻolu ponoʻī, inā ʻaʻole ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola kanaka ʻoi aku ka noʻonoʻo: i ka "ʻai ʻole i nā hale o nā wahine kāne make a me nā keiki makua ʻole", i lilo ia i ka hana mua i loko. ola kanaka. (Iune 8, 1910). ʻO Nicholas Ge.