Chitin

Ke hiki mai i chitin, hoʻomanaʻo koke nā haʻawina biology kula. ʻO nā Arthropods, nā crustacea a me nā mea āpau e pili ana iā lākou…

Akā, ʻoiai kēia, he mea maikaʻi loa ka chitin no nā kānaka.

Nā ʻano laulā o chitin

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Chitin i ka makahiki 1821 e ka luna o ka māla botanical, ʻo Henry Bracon. I ke kaʻina o nā hoʻokolohua kemika, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi mea kūpaʻa i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka waikawa sulfuric. A ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai, lawe ʻia ka chitin mai nā pūpū o ka tarantula. I ka manawa like, ua noi ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "chitin" e ka ʻepekema ʻ Frenchlelo Pelekane ʻo Audier, nāna i aʻo i ka mea e hoʻohana ana i nā pūwaho o waho (skeleton kūwaho) o nā pepeke.

ʻO Chitin kahi polysaccharide e pili ana i ka pūʻulu o nā haʻuki kūpikipiki paʻakikī. I nā ʻano o nā waiwai physicochemical, a me kāna kuleana biological, ua kokoke ia i ka fiber kanu.

ʻO Chitin kahi ʻāpana o ka paia o ka fungi, a me kekahi bacteria.

Hoʻokumu ʻia e nā koena kō kō amino o acetylglucosamine, ʻo ka chitin kekahi o nā polysaccharides nui loa i kūlohelohe.

He mea ia i loaʻa i loko o nā fungi, bacteria, arthropods. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano chitin, ʻokoʻa i ko lākou ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai.

* Hōʻike ʻia ka nui (g) ma 100 g o ka huahana.

Chitin (French chitine, mai ka Greek chiton - nā lole, ka ʻili, ka pūpū), kahi hui kūlohelohe mai ka hui o polysaccharides; ʻo ka mea nui o ka iwi waho (cuticle) o nā arthropods a me nā ʻano mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe; ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi ʻāpana o ka paia cell o nā haʻi a me ka bacteria. Hana i nā hana pale a kākoʻo, hāʻawi i ka rigidity cell. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "X." ua noi ʻia e ka mea ʻepekema Farani ʻo A. Odier, nāna i aʻo i ka uhi waho paʻa o nā inike (1823). Aia ka H. i nā koena N-acetylglucosamine i hoʻopili ʻia e nā paʻa b- (1 ® 4) -glycosidic.

Hiki i ka paona molekala ke hiki i ka 260,000. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai, hoʻoheheʻe i nā waikawa, alkalis, ka waiʻona, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka paʻakai paʻakai paʻa (lithium, calcium thiocyanate), a ua luku ʻia i loko o nā hopena koʻikoʻi o nā waikawa mineral (ke wela). Hoʻopili mau ʻia ʻo Chlorine me nā protein i nā kumu kūlohelohe. Ua like like ka Chlorine i ka hana, ka waiwai physicochemical, a me ke kuleana olaola i ka mea kanu selulose.

ʻO ka biosynthesis chlorine i loko o ke kino e hana me ke komo ʻana o kahi mea hāʻawi, ke koena N-acetylglucosamine-uridine diphosphate-M-acetyl-glucosamine, a me nā mea ʻae, chitodextrins, me ke komo ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana glycosyltransferase enzymatic e pili ana me nā membrane intracellular. Ua wāwahi ʻia ka chlorine ma ke ʻano biologically e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka N-acetylglucosamine e ka enzyme chitinase, i loaʻa i loko o kekahi mau bacteria, ma waena o nā enzyme digestive o ka amoeba lepo, kekahi mau snails, earthworms, a me nā crustaceans i ka wā molting. Ke make nā mea ola, hoʻololi ʻia ka chlorine a me kāna mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i loko o ka lepo a me ka ʻili kai i mau pūhui e like me humic a kōkua i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka nitrogen i loko o ka lepo.

Pono ka chitin i kēlā me kēia lā

ʻO ka ʻai ʻana ma mua o 3000mg i kēlā me kēia lā hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia me ka hana o ka gastrointestinal tract. No laila, he mea pono e nānā i ke ʻano gula i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mana uila.

Hoʻonui ka pono no chitin:

• me ke kaupaona;
• hōʻeha i ka metabolism o nā momona i ke kino;
• ke koko kiʻekiʻe o ke koko;
• ate steatosis;
• me ka momona o ka momona i ka papaʻai;
• paʻa paʻa pinepine;
• mimikō mellitus;
• nā maʻi āpau a me ka ona o ke kino.

Hoemi ka pono no chitin:

• me ka hana kinoea nui loa;
• dysbacteriosis;
• gastritis, pancreatitis a me nā maʻi inflammatory o ka gastrointestinal tract.

Digestibility o chitin

ʻO Chitin kahi waiwai paʻa paʻa i lawe ʻole ʻia i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. E like me ka cellulose, hoʻomaikaʻi ka chitin i ka motus gastrointestinal a he mau pono pono ʻē aʻe no ke kino.

Nā kumu e hoʻopili ana i ka ʻike o chitin i loko o ke kino

ʻAʻole hana ke kino o ke kanaka i ka chitin iā ia iho, no laila ke ʻano o ka mea i loko o ke kino e pili pono i ka loaʻa ʻana i ka papaʻai. Ma muli o kēia, pili ia inā makemake ʻoe e olakino, pono ʻoe e ʻai mau i ka chitin ma ke ʻano o kāna monomer - kitosan.

ʻO Chitin no ka nani a me ke olakino

I kēia mau lā, ke kākau nui nei nā cosmetologists e pili ana i ka hopena maikaʻi i ʻike ʻia mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani me ka chitin. Hoʻohui ʻia i nā shampoos e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o ka lauoho a me ka elasticity, hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā lotions, hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻaila, nā gels wai, a me nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe pilikino (gel toothpastes). Loaʻa ia i loko o nā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe a me nā varnish.

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chitin ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua i ka papaʻai e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ma ke ʻano he anti-inflammatory a moisturizer. Hoʻokumu i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni pale ma ka ʻili a me ka lauoho, no laila e kōkua ai i ke kaʻina o ke kāhili ʻana, pale i ka ʻili mai ka nalo ʻana o ka wai a me nā kui kikii.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻepekema Argentina no ka peculiarity o chitin ma ke ʻano he kōkua i ka mea hoʻōla o ka hoʻōla wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻili inā loaʻa ka ʻino. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻololi ʻia ka chitin e ka hoʻomehana ʻana i mea waiwai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. kitosan, ʻo ia kahi ʻāpana o nā mea hoʻonani kūnewa. Mahalo i nā mea hoʻonani anti-ʻelemakule, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻili i ka wikiwiki, lilo i mea ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia. Loaʻa i ka ʻili kahi nānā hou a ʻōpio hoʻi, mahalo i ka waiwai o chitin e hōʻoluʻolu i ka spasm o nā capillaries liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili.

No nā pono o chitin no ka lahilahi o kāu kiʻi, maopopo leʻa. Kāhea ʻia ʻo Chitosan he fiber holoholona, ​​ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ke kino a hemo i nā momona momona, kōkua me ka ʻai nui, hoʻonui i ka helu o nā bifidobacteria i loko o nā ʻōpū a hoʻoliʻiliʻi mālie i ka pohō kaumaha. Eia hou, he kuleana ia no ka adsorption o nā mea haumia, ma hope o ka heʻe ʻana o ia mea, ua māmā a manuahi ko mākou kino.

ʻO Chitin i ke Natura

Ma ke ʻano, hana ʻo chitin i nā hana pale a kākoʻo, hāʻawi i ka ikaika o nā crustaceans, fungi a me ka bacteria. Ua like ia me ka cellulose, ʻo ia ka mea kākoʻo o ka pā hale mea kanu. Akā ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka chitin, e like me nā mea o ka Russian Chitin Society. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia a mālama ʻia me ka alkali concentrated, lilo ia i chitosan. Hiki i kēia polymer ke hoʻoheheʻe i loko o nā waika wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a hoʻopaʻa a hoʻopili pū me nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe. No laila, i kekahi manawa ke ʻōlelo nei nā chemists i ka chitosan ma ke ʻano he "mea hana" hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā polymers like ʻole. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chitin maʻemaʻe, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka protein, ka calcium a me nā minela ʻē aʻe mai nā mea kūlohelohe i loko o ia mea, e hoʻohuli iā lākou i kahi ʻano soluble. ʻO ka hopena he ʻōpala chitinous.

"Hoʻohana ʻia nā crustaceans, fungi a me nā iniseti e loaʻa ai ka chitin. Ma ke ala, ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia mea i nā champignons. Ke hoʻonui wale nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chitin a me kāna derivative chitosan. Hoʻohana ʻia ka polysaccharide i nā meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā lāʻau anti-burn, soluble surgical sutures, hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu anti-radiation, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. He mea pono ʻo Chitosan e pono ai ke aʻo hou aku"

ʻO Chitin i ka lāʻau lapaʻau

Ma muli o ka hopena maikaʻi o ka chitosan me nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻokipa, no ka laʻana, hiki ke "kau ʻia" ma ke kaulahao polymer. No laila, e hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia ka mea ikaika ma kahi e pono ai, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke kino holoʻokoʻa i ka toxicosis. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka chitosan ponoʻī ʻaʻole ia he mea make i nā mea ola.

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chitosan ma ke ʻano he meaʻai meaʻai. No ka laʻana, hoʻopili pololei ʻia kāna hakina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kaumaha i loko o ke koko a hana i ka pae o ka ʻōnaehana pale. ʻO ka hapa molekala waena he mea antibacterial e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka microflora pathogenic i loko o ka ʻōpū. Eia kekahi, kōkua ia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka mucosa intestinal, kahi e pale ai iā lākou mai ka mumū. I kēia hihia, hoʻopau koke ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka hapa nui o ke kaumaha o ka chitosan e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he sorbent no nā toxins i loaʻa i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.

"Ua ʻike mākou i ka nui o nā sorbents i loaʻa nā waiwai e pōʻino i ke kanaka - ua komo a waiho ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo a me nā iwi. ʻAʻohe o Chitosan i kēia mau hopena ʻaoʻao. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke komo i nā mea kanu lāʻau, i ka hui pū ʻana me ia, ʻaʻole e nalowale ko lākou mau waiwai pono no ka manawa lōʻihi, a hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka meaʻai meaʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chitosan i kahi ʻano gel no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi waha a i ʻole ke kuni. "

Eia kekahi, he hopena antitumor ka chitosan, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e pale i ka maʻi kanesa. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka mea i nā pae cholesterol, no ka mea, hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i nā lipid meaʻai a pale i ka komo ʻana o nā momona mai ka ʻōpū. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chitosan ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO ka chitin a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau

Ke ulu ikaika nei ka lāʻau lapaʻau Gene. Me ke kōkua o ke ʻano ʻepekema, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hana o kekahi a i ʻole kekahi "ʻino" gene a hoʻokomo i kekahi ma kona wahi. Akā no ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono ia e hāʻawi i ka ʻike "pono" i loko o ke kelepona. Ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā maʻi virus no kēia, akā he nui nā drawback o kēia ʻōnaehana: ʻo ka carcinogenicity a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ka mea nui.. Akā me ke kōkua o chitosan, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike gen pono i loko o ke kelepona me ka ʻole o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a maʻalahi hoʻi.

" Hiki ke hoʻokani mele ʻia nā mea hoʻopuka RNA non-viral me nā hoʻololi kemika. ʻO Chitosan kahi vector ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā liposomes a i ʻole cationic polymers no ka mea e hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi ia i ka DNA. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa ia mau ʻōnaehana a hiki ke loaʻa i ka lumi wela ," wahi a ka ʻepekema.

ʻO Chitin i ka ʻoihana meaʻai

Hoʻohana ʻia ka absorbency o ka chitosan i ka brewing e wehe i ka sediment. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo turbidity i loko o ka inu ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o nā ʻāpana o nā mea maka a me nā mea kōkua i ke ʻano o nā proteins, carbohydrates, nā cell ola a me nā oxalates. No ka wehe ʻana i nā cell ola, hoʻohana ʻia ka chitosan i ka pae o ka wehewehe ʻana o ka huahana.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kiʻi chitosan e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā microbes i ka ʻiʻo maka, kaohi i ke ʻano o ka bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

"ʻO ka maʻamau, mālama ʻia ka ʻiʻo hou no nā lā ʻelua. Ma muli o nā hoʻokolohua me chitosan, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonui i ka manawa mālama i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa i ʻelua mau manawa. I kekahi mau hihia, ua hiki ka manawa i ʻelua pule. Eia kekahi, mai ka manaʻo o nā mea kūʻai aku, he kiʻi ʻoniʻoni chitosan kahi ʻāpana kūpono, no ka mea, ʻike ʻole ia."

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chitosan i ka ʻoihana meaʻai no ka coagulation o nā protein whey i ka ʻoihana dairy, no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana meaʻai iodized e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā iodine-chitosan complexes, a no nā kumu ʻē aʻe.